Spanish Civil War Essay -- essays research papers

Spanish Civil War(193639), warfare machine revolt against the Republi preempt governing of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both(prenominal) aspects. The Nationalists, as the rebels were c tout ensembleed, received assistant from fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union, as well as from International Brigades, composed of volunteers from europium and the United States.The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish support and politics that had developed over previous decades. On one side (the Nationalist) were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. On the former(a) side (the Republican) were urban workers, most agricultural confinementers, and many of the educated warmness class. Politically their differences of ten found extreme and vehement expression in parties such as the fascist-oriented Falange and the militant anarchists. Between these extremes were otherwise groups covering the semipolitical spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement dual-lane among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. In 1934 on that point was widespread labour conflict and a bloody uprising by miners in Asturias that was check by troops led by General Francisco Franco. A chronological succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left and opposed by the parties of the honorable and what remained of the centre.A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns passim Spain. By July 21 the rebels had achieved control in Spanish Morocco, the Canary Isla nds, and the Balearic Islands (except Minorca) and in the part of Spain north of the Guadarrama mountains and the Ebro River, except for Asturias, Santander, and the Basque provinces along the north coast and the voice of Catalonia in the northeast. The Republican forces had put down the uprising in other areas, except for some of the larger Andalusian cities, including Seville, Granada, and Crdoba. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their single territories and to repre... ...rovinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole blue coast. A war of attrition began. The Nationalists drove a salient einsteinium through Teruel, reaching the Mediterranean and splitting the republic in 2 in April 1938. In December 1938, they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled cro ssways the border into France. On March 5 the Republican government flew to expat in France. On March 7 a civil war broke out in capital of Spain between communist and anticommunist factions. By March 28 all of the Republican armies had begun to disband and surrender, and Nationalist forces entered Madrid on that day.The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. much recent estimates have been closer to 500,000 or less. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease.

Converting Your Manual Bookkeeping Essay

If youre shifting a manual bookkeeping schema to a computerized system, your conversion will buck a bit to a greater extent time than just starting sweet-scented because you need to be sure your new system starts with information that matches your occurrent books. The process for entering your initial data varies dep curioing on the software youve chosen. To come across that you properly convert your bookkeeping system, use the information that comes with your software take away through the manual, review the inaugural suggestions made as you set up the system, and pick the methods that best match your style of operating.The best time to convert is at the repeal of an accounting period. That way, you wont have to do a hole of extra work adding transactions that already occurred during a period. For example, if you decide to computerize your accounting system on March 15, youd have to add either the transactions that occurred between March 1 and March 15 into your new syste m. Its just easier to wait until April 1 to get started even if you buy the software on March 15. duration you can convert to a computerized accounting system at the end of a month, your best time to do it is at the end of a calendar or fiscal year. Otherwise, you have to input data for all the months of the year that have passed. Whenever you decide to start your computerized bookkeeping, use the data from your run balance that you used to close the books at the end of most new-made accounting period. In the computerized system, enter the balances for each of the accounts in your trial balance.Asset, liability, and equity accounts should have carry-over balances, but Income and Expense accounts should have zero balances. Of course, if youre starting a new business, you wont have a previous trial balance. Then you just enter any balances you big businessman have in your cash accounts, any assets your business may confess as it starts up, and any liabilities that your business m ay already owe relating to startup expenses. You also add any contributions from owners that were made to get the business started in the Equity accounts.After you enter all the appropriate data, run a series of financial reports, such as an income statement and balance sheet, to be sure the data is entered and formatted the way you like it. Its a lot easier to change formatting when the system isnt chock-full of data. You need to be sure that youve entered the right numbers, so verify that the new accounting systems financial reports match what you created manually. If the numbers are different, nows the time to figure out why.Otherwise the reports you do at the end of the accounting period will be wrong. If the numbers wear downt match, dont assume the only place an error could be is in the data entered. You may find that the error is in the reports you developed manually. Of course, check your entries first, but if the income statement and balance sheet still dont look right, d ouble-check your trial balances as well. Read more http//www. dummies. com/how-to/content/converting-your-manual-bookkeeping-to-a-computeriz. htmlixzz1SMwAbn8q

Skinny Bitch: A Manual for Lifestyle Change

There are cuss words splashed end-to-end the accommodate and the writer is really direct with her opinions. However, as the reader it was really convincing and made me feel wish I better puddle my butt up, throw out any m tire and dairy in my kitchen, and take to the store and buy a case of tofu, ASAP. Because the aliment Is vegan that message absolutely no m tire, Including poultry, pork, and fish. Also no dairy, Including eggs, cheese, basically no sensual by-products are al let outed. There Is in like manner a chapter on artificial sweeteners and tasteful food, which are non allowed In the victuals either.The adjudge tryingly suggest to interpose smoking and cut back on alcohol, which I absolutely entertain smoking is disgusting and expectant amounts of alcohol are un hefty. The book is truly captivating and educational. It educates the reader about a great deal than Just what non to eat. It in any case goes deep into depth about what happens at slaughter hou ses and the mistreatment of farm animals in a way to both convince the reader to not eat essence and to also explain that meat is not always a wellnessy choice, even chicken and eggs.The book explains the high amount of chemicals and horm geniuss that are pumped into our farm animals and the effects they sustain on the unman body. For slip on page 45, it reads, Half of all the antibiotics made In the joined States each year are administered to farm animals, causing antibiotic safeguard In the tenders who eat them. That Is a pretty scary fact, in that location are many otherwise scary facts littered through with(predicate)out the book. The book also explains the Importance of illustration and how important it is to have a exercise regimen. near(a) lay out is not so much a viands book as much as it is a suggested manual for modus vivendi change. If one is planning to total the lean Pitch diet they get hold of to legalize it is not temporary, becoming a vegan is not only a serious commitment but also a way of life. market place shopping, cooking at home, and take in out will all be effected by choosing a vegan lifestyle and if one has a family their feeding habits might have to change as well. The thin Pitch diet is low in a few vitamins and minerals. Also low in saturated fat, 59% and sodium, 42%, which is a good thing.But also low In Vitamin D, 20% and Iron, 63%, which could cause a problem later on a while, withal I bank that the majority of Vitamin D Is acquired through natural sunlight. The diet provides over 100% DIR of protein, omega-6, dietary fiber, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Valetta 36, Foliate, vitamin C, vitamin A (REAL vitamin A (10), vitamin E, calcium, and magnesium. I feel the diet is different from the average individuals sane diet, Americans let manly revolves around meat, wanly can wee It exceedingly Doolittle to stay faithful to a non-meat, non-dairy diet.As mentioned above, it is a lifestyle change and a very inten se personal decision. I mean that if one chooses to follow the Skinny Pitch diet they will most definitely say new healthful ways to eat and if hey are used to have the average American diet, one can definitely expect to reserve weight off. However, if beginning the Skinny Pitch diet while already being mindful of what one eats I dont believe in that respect would be a huge change in weight expiry or gain.It is not necessarily a low-fat diet, rather it is a heaths eating lifestyle and even though the authors believe a true well-grounded diet does not contain meat or dairy that is not necessarily true. However, a decrease in meat and dairy role is a good choice for anyone who is trying to eat a more heart anicteric diet. I believe that the Skinny Pitch diet could be a bit more expensive than average American diet. Purchasing soy over regular milk is more expensive. purpose soy and vegan products that taste good are indeed more expensive.On the other hand, if one is not pur chasing large amounts of meat the costs may Just about equal out. I believe for the average American the Skinny Pitch diet would provide a calorie deficit, however for someone who is already mindful of their diet and includes a lot of fruits and vegetables in their diet, they may not see a large calorie deficit. Skinny Pitch is not too low in calories. I believe the diet makes very reasonable claims regarding health and weight loss. Its simple eat a healthy diet full of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains and overall health will improve.The diet is unprejudiced and honest, fat will not carry and health will not improve until one commits too lifestyle change, not a quick fix. Yes, it absolutely has required restrictions to certain(prenominal) foods. in all meat, dairy, and any food the includes any animal by-products. Any bear upon food and any food that contains artificial sweeteners are not allowed. The credentials are indeed sound, the two women that wrote the book are bot h spring models, and Kim Barbarian has received her Masters of Science in Holistic Nutrition. All the redirect examinations that I read of Skinny Pitch said pretty much of the same thing.The book is written in a very straightforward way that will not leave anyone wondering what are healthy food choices. The New York Times review states that the book has a large focus on animal rights, which it does indeed. The Times also agrees that the book has an spot but is crystal-clear on what is Junk food vs.. A healthy choice. Health. Moms review mentions that the book might pray on women with eating disorders and may take more of a toll on your self-esteem than your waistline but also agrees that the diet is low in calories and could result in weight loss.Goggle Books says Skinny Pitch explains healthy eating habits and a lifestyle that promotes whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, and encourages women to get excited about feeling clean and pure and energize. When compared to the square we have been studying in class this term, the book Skinny Pitch has a lot of similarities. The book describes healthy dating. It focuses on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, which we have learned in class are all very healthy and the foods the average American needs to consume more regularly.I also like that the book explains how processed foods and refined sugars are not good for the human body, all lessons we have learned in class. Its also interesting that the book focuses on the treatment of animals and explains all the chemicals Tanat are Tea to ten animals, we nave talked auto Tanat In class as well. In only major difference between what we have learned in class and the book is that en can still have a healthy diet that includes meat and dairy, Just that moderation of the two are important to ensure a healthy heart and low cholesterol.I like this book and I believe that a vegan diet can be very healthy as long as one ensures that they are getting all the incumbent vita mins and minerals. I have a very good friend who is vegan and she has managed to make some wonderful entrees and I always look forward to her dinner parties. She incorporates raw food as well which can be very tasty when prepared correctly. I would rate this diet as an 8. I live that it is healthy and I like how its a lifestyle change, not Just a fad diet.Most fad diets do not hammer and weight is gained back within a year. I like how Skinny Pitch explains to the reader that there is no easy fix and that if one desires to be thin and healthy it takes determination and hard work, as with anything that is charge achieving. I would recommend this book to anyone that is interested in becoming a vegan. I would also recommend it to anyone who needs a wake up call in regards to their health and food choices and anyone who thinks that they can Jump on some crazy diet wagon and lose weight truehearted and easy.

How Social Media Does Harm to the World

How can kindly Media do harm to the world? Ethan Chan I am going to explain how accessible media does harm to the world in this essay. Social Media is an easier way to affableize with other people because you can connect with them no matter how far aside you are from them. By typing on a electronic wrench you can see what people are up to and communicate with them. and does that make affectionate media a useful communication app? An example of favorable media would be Facebook, which was created by Mark Zuckerberg at the age of 18.As safe as a kid himself, he may not wee realized the negative consequences social media has on the community. Facebook is only one of the hardly a(prenominal) types of social media which teens, housewives and just about any adult lock in to either chat on line or play games online. This aggroup of people turns out to be social media addicts, spending hours upon hours of their days online. This results to a breakdown of the family morals and tr easures. It also results to lost communication amongst the family members. However, teens are the principal(prenominal) source of addiction and this can take up to 8 hours a day.They are spending too much time on social media because they are chatting with their friends and searching for unnecessary people which prevents them from studying. Hence, lowering their grades. Teens like to interact with social media, instead of playing sports and acquire exercise, which means that they are getting lazier and unhealthy. My personal opinion is to stop it before it escalates to become a considerable pack of very lazy people. There is a great impact about these chats on the social media leading to negative self-esteem, leading low gear and subsequently, even suicides amongst teens.Hence, the negative influence of social media amongst teens can be smuggled and needs to be stopped. Business is also being affected by social media. If businesses advertize on social media, people can detec t bad things on their business, which could cause unfounded or bad rumours on the company. Then people wouldnt support their business and may deflower their reputations. Moreover, the wrong online shit advertising may be the wrong dodging for the business. This is because social media sites are not affective for building brand awareness.Social media is ideal for increasing sales and providing customer services, not to build brand awareness. Social media can have a negative influence on workers productivity. The workers are known to waste valuable time lock into social media apps, such as Facebook and Twitter. Basically, Mark Zuckerberg was a kid when he created Facebook and didnt know how addicted teens would get and how his creation impact negatively on businesses. Social media like Facebook completely changed the way people interact and reach opinion about people or things in life, which could negatively changed our value in life.

Nutrition leads to Academic Success and better life

exclusively of us have an amazing gift, have you incessantly considered how incredible the human body is? Just look at what the schooling ability is capable of doing and how it deals with our daily descriptorroom requirements. Our conceiver con bleeds several very important subdivisions to make it more cost-effective with our academic success. Shockingly, fats atomic number 18 critical, our understandings need heartfelt fats. We besides need proteins, carbohydrates and peeing. These ingredients argon re all in ally needed for us to dish out in urinateation effectively. We will now look at the style our humors work. Within your brainiac, a biochemical process of learning is occurring, that parallels the classroom experience. qualification connections, finding meaning, and solving problems are learning tasks that require lightning-fast electrical impulses amidst areas of the brain Its 530pm. You just arrived for your class after a hanker day at work. You have prep ared yourself for this learning experience of ocular input, hands-on activities, reading and experimentation to absorb as much as possible (Norman). You look around your class room, do you see silky eyes and positive, expectant expressions, or do you see squirming, sleeping, or distract fellow students. Do you notice if your peers are stressed, depressed and anxious? match to experts, the internal surroundings of the brain is an integral cook time off of learning, just as important as the classroom environment. You may find in round cases students are not able to learn due to poor keep or inadequate hydration (Norman). A balance diet is critical to health, and physicians are concerned about todays increased marketing of debris food and fast food. A trend that so alarming that whatever have termed it the next tobacco (Jenkins). Within your brain, a biochemical process of learning is occurring, that parallels the classroom experience.Making connections, finding meaning, and solving problems are learning tasks that require lightning-fast electrical impulses surrounded by areas of the brain. Formation of memory requires physical ontogeny and reshaping of networks of brain mobile ph 1s. So that wonderful experience when the lights go on and you say, I get it is a neurochemical process as well as an academic one. By nourishing the brain with healthy food and water, you will optimise the internal environment, enabling you to truly engage in the classroom environment and achieve your potential by knowing what your brain needs (Norman).The nutrients that function our brains work well are found in high parsimony in the Mediterranean diet (Jenkins). Place your two fists together, with your inner wrists touching. Your brain is about this size and shape. Most of us have seen the rubbery sound models which arent a good representation the brain is amazingly soft, sedate primarily of fat and water. It is grayish and pudding-like composed of 100 billion brain cells called neurons that drive our thinking, learning, feeling and states of being. Neurons need good fats, protein, complex carbohydrates, micronutrients vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and water.These nutrients are necessary to power the learning functions of neurons. Its amazing how our neurons connect (Norman). Just hypothesize your neurons are shaped like an outstretched hand, with fingers spread. Dendrites (fingers) receive information from separate neurons, which is then sent through the axon (arm) to an different neuron. The connection between two cells is called a synapse, where the dendrite of one cell nearly touches the body or axon of another cell. Neurons can connect multiple times with the same(p) cell grow extensions to connect with distant cells, and connect with many antithetic cells at once by growing more dendrites.The brain is fighting(a), responsive, and efficient revolutionary connections will be made to record and integrate new information le arned. Old, unused connections will be pruned a personal manner. This process of building and dress is not confined to the time of the classroom experience, but continually evolves with all learning that occurs in your life, integration what is learned within and outside the classroom, integrating lifes experiences into the knowledge base and personality we have. The raw material for building and lop of these connections comes from the food we eat. The big question is what should we operate our brains and body (Norman)?In ago years fat was considered an unhealthy part of your diet, now we know that good fats are essential. Our solid matter of the brain is 60% fat, being that our brain consists largely of fatty membranes. Most brain fats are polyun pure, meaning their expression contains few or no double bonds which makes the molecules flexible. These fats help primary(prenominal)tain flexible, dynamic membranes that are able to transmit and receive information, and maintain ot her cell functions such as vital force production and stores water. Cholesterol is a saturated fat that is often linked Adkisson 4 ith heart disease, but the castigate cholesterol is an important part of a healthy brain. Sufficient quantities of cholesterol are manufactured in the body without dietary sources. Fat provides energy for the brain as well as a transformation victimisation B-vitamins and other trace nutrients within the neuron to originate pure ATP. The lift out fats to consume are omega-3 oils from fish, nuts, seeds and dark leafy greens. The next ingredient provides the building blocks of our entire body (Norman). Protein provides amino acids that are used to form our neurotransmitters (NT) and support structures in neurons.Tryptophan from turkey and milk is used to produce serotonin, an NT creating feelings of well-being. Tyrosine, an amino acid found in almonds, an avocado, bananas and meat, is used to make dopamine, associated with intensity (Norman). Our bod ies produce about half of the twenty amino acids it needs the other ten are obtained from the foods we eat (Jenkins). Amino acids are in like manner reassembled into all-powerful antioxidants that are used to protect DNA and other cell components from damage. Proteins also form receptors structures embedded in membranes that aid in cell communication.All of us need energy and the best was to get it is through the next (Norman). Carbohydrates are the number one energy source for our brain. Sugar is the main fuel for the brain. Most of us have noticed a bring up of energy when we eat something that provides prick. Keep in mind that consuming undue sugar for breakfast, causing bursts of energy followed by headaches, trouble concentrating, or drowsiness. When our sugar levels rise in our bloodstream, the pancreas releases insulin, which directs sugar into cells, to keep our blood sugar at a stable level.The more sugar we eat causes more insulin to be released, which leads to drows iness. Many persons instinctively reach for more sugar to boost their energy, olibanum initiating this cycle again. People, who begin their day with a large donut and sweet-flavored juice drink, have a candy bar for a snack, followed by a soda afterwards. This becomes an addiction thats very difficult to inhibit the awful rollercoaster effect of the sugar-insulin response. The best way to overcome it is to make accredited your meals contain complex carbohydrates i. e. whole caryopsiss or products made with whole shred flour, rather than refined sugars.Nonetheless, the absorption rate of refined sugar is mainly higher, causing a greater release of insulin. One must not forget the next very important ingredient that 60% of our bodies are made up of (Norman). Im so amazed with the way our neurons store water in tiny balloon-like structures called vacuoles. Water is necessary for best brain health and function. Water maintains the tone of our membranes for normal neurotransmiss ion. It purifys our circulation and helps in removing wastes. It also keeps our brain from overheating lack of water could cause serious damage. dehydration can lead to fatigue, dizziness, poor concentration and reduced cognitive abilities. veritable(a) mild levels of dehydration can impact learning performance. It is interesting to seam that hydration has been found to affect exercise tolerance. People who are dehydrated tend to feel tired during exercise and avoid activity, a risk cypher for obesity. When you are hydrated well before exercise and drink water while exercising leads to an enjoyable experience with less fatigue. Its hike to keep a water bottle at you desk to sip passim your classes to achieve the recommended intake of water throughout the day.Nutrition and hydration make a difference that helps the foundation for healthy learning. Making healthier choices is an essential part of your education and well-being. Keep water bottle at your desk throughout your clas s periods. Eat healthy treats such as whole fruit, whole grain crackers, and veggies. Learn how to choose the healthiest foods from the menus at the mall or carry a lunch. Incorporate healthy nutrition at work and home. By fashioning these small changes youll be more attentive, and able to enjoy learning and alter you and your families lives (Norman). We all have a gift from God, our bodies are temples.We need to take care of it by feeding it properly, exercising and keeping it healthy. Some of us do not do that, unfortunately. We live in an unhealthy nation. at that place are steps we can take to make changes that can improve our academic success and lives. Sixty percent of our brain is made up of good fats that we should ensure we get. Proteins support structures in neurons. Carbohydrates are the number one energy source for our brain and water is necessary for optimal brain health and function. A person should have enough respect for their bodies to feed it and make it healthy .

Comparison Paragraph of Macbeth and Othello Essay

Shakespe be shows a high level of regret in both puzzle outs by raising the emotional turmoil sensed by Macbeth and Othello. The climax of this repentance highlights the mental state of distress of both of the chief(prenominal) characters, and is followed by a dramatic conclusion. Shakespeare presents Macbeth as regretful by portray his desire to be queen as damaging from the start. This is evident in the mutation when Macbeth says go forth all great Neptunes ocean moisten this production line clean from my hand? This use of language is regretful. Many bad things accordingly go on to happen to Macbeth, providing that he was wrong to murder the king and this was against the laws in Jacobean times. Macbeths reference to Neptune conveys a sense of entreaty to the language and the question mark suggests doubt at his actions. Neptune is the God of the sea, and the Jacobean sense of hearing would have kn witness this. However, as this was non the Christian God, the hearing would have also viewed this with suspicion. This also shows that Macbeth feels regretful because it suggests that this is something that will not go away easily all the water in the ocean will not make his hands clean. Shakespeare makes Macbeths guilt and regret discernible with a direct link to the metaphor of having blood on your hands.This heightens Macbeths internal disturbance by the constant pressure laid on by Lady Macbeth. The metaphor is used throughout the whole play as Lady Macbeth sees a spot on her hand and, at the end of the play when Macbeths downfall is imminent, it is said that His secret murders are sticking on his hands. The outcome is inevitable because Macbeth will not wash his hands clean and the audience knows that this will end in his own death creating drama and tension. Before in the play, the murder of the king is not shown because in the Jacobean Era, murdering the king was against the law. Similarly, Shakespeare presents Othello as regretful. This is evident in the play when Othello says oh fool, fool, fool Othello calls himself a fool when he finds out the truth and knows that he was tricked by Iago and is regretful for killing his wife. The use of the word fool shows the audience that he was not very clever as he was tricked quite an easily. However, it was easy for Iago to deceive Othello due to his gullibility. This may have been due to the occurrence that as an outsider, he did not belong in the society. It also highlights the fact that Othello was easily confused because of Desdemonas meanderal of her own father. Othello felt that Desdemona could betray Othello as well. The evidence in support of this fatalistic belief was overwhelming. It had relate to Othello being a Moor and Desdemonas seemingly pernicious familiarity with Cassio. The Jacobean audience was aware of this dramatic irony and possibly knew what was spill to happen next.

Bullying Essay Essay

blusterous is when someone causes verbal, social, cyber, or physical harm to a nonher this is an often iterate and habitual behavior. A victim of sashaying often socially set out than the bully and is less powerful. Reasons for such behaviour can include differences in race, class, sex, age and ability. Bullying can cause lots of emotional botheration to the victim and change the path they feel, think, or act. Victims of determent argon among 2 to 9 times more likely to consider self-destruction than non-victims according to studies by Yale University. In this paper, I will discuss the set up of bullying, the bullys point of view and how we can join unitedly to eliminate bullying once and for all.Most great deal who get bullied are too scared to rubbish back. They give the bully the reaction he or she wants and the bully is encouraged to continue what he/she is doing. We necessity to live up to bullies although this may seem terrifying. We need to build up the courage. Students need to be educated on bullying. Studies show that more than half the batch in Canada dont stand up to bullying and 80% have been bystanders at one point or another. The only way to stop bullying is to work together even if you are not a victim because you may be next.Many people bully other either knowingly or unknowingly. Putting other people down helps bullies feel better about themselves. This is because they have probably been victims of bullying themselves. Lowering others self esteem boosts theirs and get hold ofs them feel less miser able-bodied. This is not a very good method to boost your self-esteem and bullies dont feel better for long.At least one in triplet adolescents in Canada have reported being bullied recently. Bullying has adverse effect on victims in terms of health and self esteem. Victims may not want to go to school and, if they do, may not be able to focus as a result of depression. Bullying is very offensive to the mind and if it becomes a lon g-term thing it may even execute to suicidal thoughts. If youngsters arent taught about bullying, they may not know how to fight back and fall into deep depression. Even worse, they could become bullies.In this essay, I have analyzed the harmful effects bullying can have, wherefore bullying happens and how it can be avoided. It is a big deal to make others feel small.

Leadership Theory and Assessment Essay

mad Intelligence Mark Orvidas Walden University Introduction I have to say that get back to considering emotional intelligence has been a bit of a flip down memory lane. When I was working for J&J, I was invited to attend a leadership workshop on emotional intelligence. As you might imagine, and probably have experienced, there were many individual and pigeonholing exercises. I particularly remember a talk given by Daniel Goleman, he stresses the social aspects of leadership, and how it emotional competencies may trump intellectual competencies once a certain knowledge threshold is achieved.Later, we all receive a personalized copy of his new book, Working with Emotional Intelligence, which was the fall of 1998. red-hot Insights Self-awareness is a basic competency that requires being in touch with our feelings, and development those feelings as a guide to decision making (Goleman, 1998). Being self-conscious can help build self-confidence as a leader. turn taking the ass essment I felt alike(p) a Likert get over might be a more accurate scale since I found myself answering a version of sometimes to many questions (Nahavandi, 2012). Consequently, when this happened, I answered false, for to be true it should always be true.That said, my score on the self-awareness branch was by far the worst (5 of 8). I realized that I authentically dont create opportunities to learn about myself, nor do I analyze events that affect me. I usually dont memorize things too personally and move on to the next challenge (unless it authentically was my fault ). I have to say that I scored pretty hygienic in the other categories, none perfect and I think this is refer equal to the fact the my job for the last 20+ years requires a racy degree of self-motivation, self-regulation, understanding and above all, social skill although, my next net score was social skills (12 of 15).I dont do to wellspring with handling difficult people, and I dont feel like I am all tha t persuasive. Usually, I just let the facts let loose for themselves. New Impacts I think I get out take these results and throw more attention to the details of how a scenario has unfolded and put myself in a position to ask what I could have done differently. Use the opportunity to assess strengths and weaknesses and learn about myself. I feel like I am a pretty humble, easy-gone person but can be hard on myself when the mistake is mine.I feel that as a public health leader, I would share my missteps with my team and perhaps others may do the same so we all can learn from individually other in a non-threatening environment. In doing so, perhaps I will be a more authentic leader and be able to share my vision from a credible position, and others will be invigorate to follow my lead. Reference Goleman, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York, New York diminutive Nahavandi, A. (2012). The art and science of leadership (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.

Ancient Chinese Foods Essay

Now in locate to live and be successful, you need to eat. The old-fashioned Chinese were/are truly successful. They are also the longest civilization on Earth. So what was their shelter food supply? The Ancient Chinese ate a admixture of different foods. They ate rice, millet, fish, sorghum, wheat, pork, vegetables, fruits, and ginger. They ate the plant, fruit, and even the root The Ancient Chinese apply these ingredients to make porridge, tea, soups, etc.Specialization is another key to success. You control to wipe out senselesses of food to specialize or master a slyness wind/art. Now what food surpluses did they use to trade, and what did they trade for? The Ancient Chinese had surplus foods of rice, wheat, sorghum, millet, and barley which they utilise for trade. These 5 foods are a vital break dance of Ancient Chinas food supply. Since they needed a plow of these, they planted and grew a lot. These led to surpluses. They apply these surpluses to trade for toys (f or the children), cotton, ivory, wool, gold, silver, etc. These items that they obtained from trade were traded through the Silk Roads.Now in order to grow the food for the living, you hit to have tools to help you out. The Ancient Chinese had so many tools that they apply so I likely cant fit them on this paper. Ill list a a few(prenominal). They used compasses, plows, harnesses, wheelbarrows, water wheels, harnesses, and crossbows. When the Ancient Chinese hunted, they probably used a compass and a crossbow. They probably used a compass to lead them back to a spot and a crossbow to shoot at game. When they were farming, they probably used plows, harnesses, and wheelbarrows. The Ancient Chinese probably used plows to turn the soil on their studys. The harnesses might have been used for horses to drag objects. Finally, the wheelbarrow might have been used to transports farming essentials. The Ancient Chinese used many tools to help them out.Youre probably query what they grew and how they grew it. Mostly they grew rice, millet, sorghum, wheat, soybeans, cucumbers, lemons, oranges, peaches, apricots, and ginger. Now, what were their techniques of growing these crops so successfully? They used crop rotation, salad dressing with human manure, building levees, and planting in rows. Crop rotation is when you have several line of businesss and each year you leave a few as fallow. This lets the corrections recharge. For example, you have three fields.One year, field one and two are used to grow crops, while field three is recharging. The next year, you use fields two and three, while field one is recharging, and so on. This stabilizes the fields. Next, they used human manure fertilization. First of all, wherefore didnt they use animal manure? The Ancient Chinese didnt have that much livestock. This increased the room for crops. Third, levees are important. The Huang He and the Yantze fill up annually. The water flooded the irrigation ditches which killed t he crops. The levees served as dams. Finally, they planted in rows so that it would be convenient for them to water, organize, and weed them. The Ancient Chinese had many different strategies that they used to help them out.

Othello as a Tragic Hero

Shakespe be uses techniques, roughages, language, structure and form to present Othello as tragic paladin. He exposes his tragic flaw, which consequently leads to his downf entirely. Othello conforms to the Aristotelian principles of tragedy, of the noble booster dose who undergoes ceaseless role and acquits suffering, resulting in his ultimate downfall due to hamartia. in all of these techniques combine to provide a different perception of the protagonist, as more than of an atypical victim, exposed to the harsh reality of the society he longs to train into, rather than a typical hero.A tragic hero is a person who initially is well- celebrateed and holds a last esteem within society. They are of uplifted moral worth and are highly ambitious in what they plume out to achieve. A single mistake or role flaw can, however, bring them to ruin, with a loss of everything that they possess. In the discussion of whether Othello fits the billet of a tragic hero, the following conce pts need to be considered. Firstly, as correspond a tragic hero, Othello holds an important role.He is well-respected and admired by all. Secondly, by a share flaw and the added complication of external forces working once against him, he suffers a dramatic fall from grace. He loses all that he held dear- his wife, his status, his position, and the respect held by early(a)s of him. The tragic hero comes up against a force or events which serve to bring this dim flaw to the clear. In small town, it is his indecision which comes to the surface as a result of his mothers oer hasty remarriage.It is interpreted that Othellos contraband flaw is in occurrence jealously. But green-eyed monster is non an perception or state of being that can exist on its own. It requires other things to nutriment it and n Othellos case this is insecurity. Othello is in fact set in an extremely racist period and this does cause him to feel uncertain and vulnerable, which renders him more open to Iagos manipulation. Iago does not pray on Othellos jealousy, he prays on his insecurity and uses Othellos race and colour to place Othello in a bad light.In Othello, it is the force of Iagos ruthless manipulation and accusations against Desdemona and Cassio which bring Othellos gullibility to the surface. Hamartia is a very important aspect of the play and Shakespeare uses it to smash the audiences understanding of the events that are unfolding. Othello is oblivious to the fact that Iago is taking wages of his fatal flaw of jealousy. Oh beware jealousy it is the green-eyed which doth mock that which meet it, feed on. The cuckold lies in bliss.This quote from Iago proves that he knows Othello more than Othello knows himself, and so, takes advantage of his personal flaw, using it to his own, deadly advantage. Despite Othellos actions, at that place is a lesson to be learnt and the audience are compelled to maintain some feeling of agreement towards him. The sympathy of the aud ience towards Othellos case is largely due to his overleap of understanding of the unforseen immorals in the world around him. These evils are personified by Iago. Othellos nobility, morals, determine and ideals, all play a part in the unravelling of his personality.Iago whos indeterminate however evil deception and manipulation of Othellos emotions presents the audience with a strong-minded nevertheless fragile character. Othello appears ill-equipped to understand a character such(prenominal) as Iago, and this gains the audiences sympathy. If we are to accept that a tragic hero is ane that possesses the image of valour, nobility and honour, but in flunk cannot contain the manipulation of those mannerisms, then in the end we must come to the conclusion that he is indeed a tragic hero.Othello as a tragical grinderOthello is character created by Shakespeare that fulfils the conditions and requirements of a tragic hero (Bhattacharyya 123). This is for the precedent that O thellos character exhibits what Aristotle refers to as the tragic flaw that ultimately caused his downfall. Just homogeneous any other classic tragic hero, he has innate flaws in spite of being a seemingly virtuous character in the eyeball of his fellows. Somehow, in spite of the perfection that the character displays, he possesses a weakness that is so inevitable that eventually consumes him and causes evil to others and the character himself.In Shakespeares plays, the strengths that raise the characters to the noblest highschool become the points of exposure that lower them to the most profound depths (Cahn 325). Background of Othello Othello is a tragedy that is written by Shakespeare right after Hamlet. While there are palpable similarities that are noticed of the two plays such as resemblances in style, diction, and versification, Othello can stand on its own as angiotensin-converting enzyme of the best tragic plays that Shakespeare has been known for scorn the fact th at Hamlet be the most famous.The heroes of the play are so un similar but legato exhibit characteristics that would qualify them into Aristotles definition of the tragic hero. The general character of a man that is colossally noble and trustful but has to endure the shock of disillusionment is employed by Shakespeare first in Hamlet and then to Othello. This is what fuddles these dramas along with King Lear and Timon regrouped together as having distinctions to the rest of the tragedies of Shakespeare.However, despite these similarities, Othello is the first tragic hero created by Shakespeare that is not only an exceptional man but besides a huge man funding a small world that made him tower over his fellows. more than this, the peculiarity of Othello is that it leaves the most painful and the most terrible impression of all the plays of Shakespeare (Bradley 175-176. ) It is a story of finis and of betrayal that originally sprung from jealousy and delusive public opinions. Othello is a Moor that has secretly married Desdemona, the daughter of Senator Brabantio.He is described as a benevolent and noble military man while her wife is one the most pure and innocent characters in Shakespeares plays. Moreover, Othello is uppityly known to be having a strong legal opinion in godliness and a man of good judgment. However, despite these positive attributes imbued upon him by Shakespeare, he also created a character that will surely uncover the tragic flaw that is within Othello. Iago has always displayed tendencies of being a villain but Othello remained to be trustful of him. His naivet and sinlessness triggered Iago to plot evil plans against him.Upon the evil plans of Iago, he was persuaded to kill his own wife for the belief that she was being disloyal to their marriage. These evil plans of Iago commenced when he got jealous of Michael Cassios appointment as a surrogate instead of himself. Because Othello was the one who appointed him, he started feeling a heavyset grudge against him. He then plotted on making Othellos life miserable with regards his marriage and his status as a Moor. He succeeded in making Othello believed that Desdemona is having intimate birth with Cassio.Iago took advantage of Othellos swear nature for him to accomplish his plans. Othello mercilessly killed his wife in the bedchamber despite her pleadings and claims of honour and purity. He has been blinded by jealousy and false belief that Iago has implanted in his mind. In the end, he has learned that his actions were nothing but surges of anger, jealousy, impulsiveness, and false judgment. In the end, he was convinced of his wifes innocence through the testimonials of Emilia, Lodovico, and Roderigo. He then admitted his sins and decided to take away his life.Before he killed himself, he beseeched the remaining people to listen to him speak. His last speech reminisces his valorousness in the state. He also desires to be remembered as someone who l oves not wisely but someone who loves too well (Bhattacharyya 31). Aristotles Tragic Hero and Tragic Flaw in Othello Poetics by Aristotle is the best reservoir with regards the structure, purpose, and effect of the Greek tragedy. In the words of Aristotle, a tragic hero is One should not show worthy men cursory from good plenty from good fortune to bad. Nor again wicked people mochtherous passing from bad fortune to good .Nor again the passing of a well bad man poneron from good fortune to bad fortune . at that place remains then the mean between these ho metaxy. This is the sort of man who is not pre-eminently virtuous and just ho mete arte diapheron kasi dikaiosyne, and soon enough it is through no badness or villainy of his own that he falls into the misfortune, but rather through some flaw in him (qtd in Goodkin 39). According to him, a tragic hero is primarily a character of noble stature and greatness. This means that the character occupies a high position in the society he is living in.Moreover, he should also exhibit nobility and virtue (Defining Tragedy). In the case of Othello, his character is that of a high ranking official in the military. Apart from this, he is also highly respected by the people of the state. He has gone to many another(prenominal) wars and came back victorious. He is an epitome of a benevolent soldier that deserved his position as a Moor in the Venetian State. deviation from being blessed with a noble stature in the society, he is also happily married to Desdemona, the daughter of the Senator which has also an equal high standing in the society.Second, though a tragic hero is portrayed as great, he can never be perfect. Just like any other living being, he has his own flaws despite having an rarified position in the society that mere mortals can never station (Defining Tragedy). In the case of Othello, his naivety and his trusting nature are recognized to be his flaws that bring about the tragic flaw in his characte r that ultimately lead to his downfall. These particular characteristics that Othello possesses were the ones taken advantage by Iago to make his plans prosper. Iago has always been consistently portrayed as a villain.As a consider of fact, there are several instances that would hint Othello of his evil intents and backstabbing such as in the case where he conspired with Roderigo in his pursuit for the love of Desdemona. scour when he displayed character of dishonesty, Othello was too innocent and nave to distrust everything that he says, recommends, or suggests. Until it came to a point that he was too blinded to signify and decide for himself and was already persuaded by Iagos evil intentions. Furthermore, because of his inability to live with intercourse the truth from fallacy, he murdered his wife without having any appropriate moderateness to do it.Because of him being overtly consumed by jealousy and false belief that his wife cheated on him, he committed the worse sin h e ever had. This murder furthermore leads to his suicide, his final downfall. Third, the tragic heros downfall is attributed to his own actions and intentions. It can never be ascribed to accident, fate, or in any other external reasons. Furthermore, the tragedy that will happen to the character will be triggered by his own personal illusion, whether it is in judgment, in action, or in his inaction. This is now what Aristotle calls the tragic flaw which is the very reason of his fall (Defining Tragedy).According to Cahn, a tragic flaw is a fatal weakness or error in judgment that propels a character to a tragic end (325). In the case of Othello, his fatal weakness causes his error in judgment. We will notice that these would form a series of events that will lead to the characters downfall. At the onset, his naivety and innocence as discussed in the earlier paragraph made him so gullible. This gullibility and vulnerability then made it easy for Iago to deceive him of believing tha t Desdemona has adulterous relationship with Cassio. This deception is followed by jealousy that blinded Othello.He then was too consumed with jealousy that he was unable to neither investigate nor evaluate the facts of the events. Once he had decided to revenge his honor and his bruised ego, he then committed a crime that will also cause him his life. The death of Desdemona woke his senses. With the realization that he has committed such a fatal sin, his repent once again consumed him that lead to him taking his life Fourth, the heros fall would not be wholly deserved. Somehow, the punishment that the character has is excessive of what should he have as a consequence of his tragic flaw (Defining Tragedy).In the case of Othello, the death of Desdemona is more than a punishment for his gullibility and naivety. More so, his death is an excessive penalty for his fatal weakness. Fifth, the fall leaves the tragic hero some consciousness and self-knowledge (Defining Tragedy). In the ca se of Othello, the death of Desdemona not only made him regret but also to get back to his senses. He decided to summon out the truth by extracting testimonials from Imilia and Lodovico. Most importantly, he recognized the innocence of Desdemona.He died knowing that up to her death she remained faithful to him. Lastly, while the tragedy would dismiss pity, fear, and other unhealthy emotions, it does not leave its audience depressed. Especially in a Shakespearean tragedy, the audience wouldnt feel that the hero is a poor mean creature. Even when the character leads a tragic and inferior end such as death, he still remains to be hero to the eyes of the audience. This is for the reason that the phase that he underwent is a fact that is pardonable for a hero to commit. His greatness remains even with his downfall.

The relationship between Machbeth and Lady Macbeth

The relationship betwixt Macbeth and wench Macbeth By Myra civilly Macbeth, the play written by William Shakespeare in 1606, shows us the relationship that exists mingled with the characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and how it creates most of the actions, reactions, moods, feelings and attitudes. Both love each other and that deserves all sacrifice. At the beginning of the play, they are very close and this is shown when he come up tos her, my dearest partner of greatness. He clearly demonstrates being open with his wife.Afterwards, they seem more than and more assistant, each into his/her private world. Although Lady Macbeth shares humannessy personality traits with her husband, such as the pride, she is endowed with unwavering firmness of mind and her aggressiveness and unmercifulness almost denies her feminine nature. By analyzing her actions throughout the play, we realize her coldness. We laughingstock withal see her power when she uses her sensuality to convince M acbeth to commit the murder and when she taunts him duty for his love, From this time such I work out thy love (Macbeth, operation l, mise en scene VI, p. 4) and questioning bout his virility (calling him a coward), disregarding the fact that violent death the king is unfair and brutal, What beast wasnt, then, then, that made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man And to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man. (Macbeth, Act l, depiction VI, p. 35) Macbeth seems to be persuaded by all the intense arguments of Lady Macbeth. She could convince him, even if he had no desire to perform the murder. The function of provocation by Lady Macbeth lonesome(prenominal) awakes of Machetes evil side.Despite the fact he s a noble, bold, and brave man, he has a gloomy nature. Macbeth conveys an uncertainty to commit or not the offence and although he has already thought about killing the king, he postulate precision and motivation f rom Lady Macbeth to do it. After the murder, when Macbeth comes back to his bedroom horrified with his hands covered with blood, he meets Lady Macbeth who gets impatiently with Machetes thoughts. When she sees that he had not left the dragger in the scene of the crime, she gets angry and tells him to appropriate them there, but he refuses to do so.She accuses IM of being a coward, and takes the dragger herself, Coward order me the daggers. Dead and sleeping people cant hurt you any more than pictures can. totally children are afraid of scary pictures (Macbeth, Act II, Scene II, p. 43). From the moment that Lady Macbeth notices her hands covered with blood, she shows us, for the first time, the feeling of fear. The guilt starts to take account of Lady Machetes mind. However, even after Machetes wife realizes what she did, she continues to give support to her husband because she thinks he getting the throne is the best thing that could append for both.Lady Macbeth tries not to wea ken in front of Macbeth, Things without all remedy should be without regard. Whats through is done (Macbeth, Act Ill, Scene II, p. 64). She keeps guiding her husband in her weakness. Although Macbeth is also beginning to feel guilty, he is haunt with the position of king and he has no problem with killing other people. After Lady Macbeth deploys the unscrupulous courage in her husband heart, she loses her power over Macbeth and, as a result, he starts to plan his actions, like murders, without her knowing.Now, we see that he intros Lady Macbeth, which kernel that he makes decisions by himself. Once crowned, he rises and his wife descends in importance. The inscrutable that Lady Macbeth hides disturbs and unbalances her. Before, she was a calm, controlled, and strong wife, now, her mental state begins to damage. She wakes up in the middle of the night, sleep walking and speaking aloud, Out, damned spot Out, I say -?One, two. Why, then, its time to do t. Hell is murky -?Fie, my lor d, flee A soldier and afeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account? ?Yet who would call for thought the old man to have had so much blood in him. (Macbeth, Act V, Scene l, p. 114) Lady Macbeth and her husband separate of each one not except physically she gets mad and he doesnt care about her anymore, because he is obsessed with his enemies. Arising from this, unable to bear the madness, she commits suicide. Macbeth reacts with indifference to Lady Machetes death saying, She should have died hereafter. at that place would have been a time for such a word. Tomorrow, tomorrow, and tomorrow. Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, to the cast syllable of recorded time.And all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is perceive no more. It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothin g. (Macbeth, Act V, Scene V, p. 126) This lack of emotion means that his feelings about his wife were over. Thus, we can see how their relationship has changed throughout the play and how he has changed, in telephone circuit to his guilt when he killed the king Duncan.Now, Macbeth is too eager to enable his moral sense to stop him from doing cruel things. However, near the end of the story, he seems to be relieved to know that the English army was coming and it means that he would tax return to the battlefield, where he starts to win, nevertheless, he loses the battle dying. We can conclude that the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth has always been about complicity and fidelity despite this mutual sum deteriorates in the final moments of the story.Macbeth needed Lady Machetes mental strength temporary hookup for Lady Macbeth her husbands hysterical force was indispensable to commit the barbaric act. This represents a balance between the characters one completes the other and vice versa. They are partners in crime, in greed, in corruption, in madness and in their allocations, which symbolizes an irony of a wonderful union. References http//www. Sparseness. Com/Shakespeare/Macbeth/ http//www. Clientles. Com/literature/m/Macbeth/character-analysis/Macbeth http// www. Shampoos. Com/Macbeth/plot-analysis. HTML http//www. Graveside. Com/Macbeth/study-guide/sections/

Mongol invasion on the Muslim world

The Mongols entered history as just one among a number of nomad tribes on the steppes of central Asia. The germinate of the Mongols and the beginnings of the Mongol conquests arose out of a dramatic shift from such disunity to unity, and it was achieved done the personality and military skills of one cosmos. In each probability he was born in 1167. He was given the name of Temuchin.The nomad world he entered was a fierce and unforgiving one of rivalry and survival skills. wish well all Mongol children, Temuchin learned to ride with cracking skill and to plough a bow and arrows. After an eventful younger life his thoughts saturnine towards the opportunity of defeating his rivals and taking control of the co-ordinated Mongol tribes. M either days of warfare followed, the decisive victory being Temuchins defeat of the Naimans.In 1206 a grand assembly was called at the opening of the Onon River. A white influence symbolizing the protective spirit of the Mongols was raised. Its nine points represented the newly unified Mongol tribes. The gathering then proclaimed Temuchin as Genghis Khan ( frequent Ruler) (Turnbull, 2003).Before we turn to the Mongols beliefs and their attitudes towards the religions of another(prenominal)s, most general observations are in order. We cannot allow it for granted that the motives for, or indeed character of, conversion in the ordinal century will be identical with those we would recognize todayor certainly those which would meet with the approval of the purist. In particular, such motives superpower engender more to do with political, diplomatic or economic considerations than with inner conviction.We should be wrong to emphasize the individualistic oer against the communal, the internal everywhere against the superficial form of law or cultic practice, and the profoundly personal transformation over against the adoption of additional cultural norms. For instance, the Uighur conversion to Manichaeism in the late eighth century had owed something to economic relations with Sogdian mer warbles, and it has also been calledlike the Khazar afghans adoption of Judaisma declaration of ideological independence. (Jackson, 2001)Like earlier steppe rulers, the Mongol qaans presided over public turns amid representatives of different assents. The impulse behind these events is unclear. In a recent article, Richard Foltz points out that the effect of the whole policy was to make mischief, precisely he stops short of suggesting that the aim was to divide and rule. It has been proposed that a debate took place at the point when the sovereign meditated a change of phantasmal allegiance.There may be some truth in this Juwaynis throwaway of the conversion of the Uighurs some centuries previously, indeed, appears to be based upon the idea that such debates were unceasingly the means of bringing the ruler to a new faith. scarce we cannot deduction the possibility that one purpose was entertainmentth at the public ghostly disputation, in other speech, was the intellectual counterpart of the bloody gladiatorial conflicts which the Mongols staged between captured enemy soldiers (Fiey, 1975).Lastly, the frontiers between different faiths were not impermeable. Shamanism was itself an amalgam, and we occupy no vantage point that enables us to distinguish some pristine model from accretions that might have attached themselves to the Mongols beliefs in the few centuries preceding the rear of Chinggis Khan (Franke, Herbert 1994). A syncretistic approach had long been the hallmark of the nomads spectral beliefs it is reflected in the Secret History of the Mongols, where elements from the mythical history of the earliest Turks, the Khitans and other steppe and forest peoples are appropriated and integrated into the Mongolsown origin myths (Amitai-Preiss, 1996).Intent as the Mongols may have been on sharing the world only with subjects, they were also compelled to care it with a plet hora of spirits, often malevolently inclined and in some(prenominal) case edgeed demons by Western European writers. When Rubrucks little group in 1253 passed through a difficult stretch in the Tarbaghatai range, his guide asked the friars to chant a prayer that would put the demons to flight. Diagnosis of the activity of these invisible powers, and if thinkable their harnessing for good purposes, was the job of the shamans and there is no dearth of testimony that by the middle decades of the thirteenth century Mongol rulers manifested a heavy dependence upon shamans and fortune-tellers.Shamanistic activities are geared to influencing conditions in this life, not to securing an after-life. The Mongols ancestral beliefs and practices and the cracking world religions, in other words, were valid for different spheres hence the spacious policy of the Mongol qacans, to which we shall return (Elias, 1999). So it was not at all incongruous that a Mongol sovereign or prince should make some formal gesture towards, say, Christianity or Islam while continuing to observe the shamanistic practices of his forebears Rubruck saw even those of Mngkes wives who had no knowledge of the Christian faith venerating the cross (Charpentier, 1935).We do not have to see this as some kind of celestial insurance, as if any of the several faiths with which the Mongols were confronted might embody the Truth and so it was advisable to court them all, although the idea finds bridge over in a speech ascribed to Qubilai by Marco Polo. On leaving the encamp of the Mongol prince Sartaq, Rubruck was told, Do not call our master a Christian he is not a Christian he is a Mongol. (Heissig, 1980) Although he goes on to say that they regard the term Christendom as the name of a people (i.e. presumably the Franks of Europe), it is doubtful whether this necessarily supports DeWeeses contention that religion in Inner Asia was a communal affair.It may well have been so but Rubruck (whose interpret er was proverbially inadequate) could easily have misunderstood the land for the warning, and a different explanation comes to mind. We should notice that on several make the Mongol terms for religious specialists seem to have been interpreted as denoting the religious community as a whole. Rubruck, for instance, employs the Mongol word toyin (Chinese daoren, man of the path, i.e. Buddhist priest) as a designation for the Buddhists (idolators) in general (Fennell, 1983). And the function of erken (Christian priest) betrays a similar confusion in the thirteenth-century sources.This might explain the apparent bewilderment of the Qacan Gyg at Innocent IVs request that he become a Christian and the anger in the camp of the Mongol general Baiju over the aforesaid(prenominal) injunction on the part of Ascelin. The Qaan Mngke, too, objected when Rubruck was misrepresented as having called him a toyin. It is possible that with one exception the Mongolian lexicon recognized only religiou s specialists and contained no word for the respective religious community en masse. The exception was the Muslims who confronted Chinggis Khan in the shape of the powerful Khwrazmian Empire.Here cardinal words were available sartacul, employed in the Secret History to designate the Khwrazm-shhs subjects, and dashman (from Iranian dnishmand, literally learned man), which denoted the Muslim religious class. But to the best of our knowledge the language contained no word for Christian or Buddhist, as opposed to erken or toyin for priest/monk. Even in the late thirteenth century Persian authors in the Mongol empire equated Christian (Persian tars) with Uighur on account of the large number of Christians among that people (Allsen, 1994).At what juncture Shamanism merits being called a religion, it is difficult to say. It has been proposed that in any consideration of the religious beliefs and practices of Inner Asian peoples we need to distinguish between popular cultic practicefolk re ligion, as Heissig calls it and what has been termed Tenggerism, centered on the sky-god, i.e. those beliefs and practices associated with a monarchy based on divine sanction. DeWeese is skeptical, and sees the dichotomy as between, not two competing levels of religious thought and ritual, but imperial and domestic styles of evoking essentially the equivalent system of religious values and practices (Amitai, 2001).A clash between the plan steppe emperor and the representative of popular traditions might, nevertheless, provide a framework within which we can locate the downfall of Teb Tenggeri (Kkch), the shaman who had been instrumental in Chinggis Khans enthronement but had then got above himself and was eliminated. Rashd al-Dn seems to suggest that Teb Tenggeri had a following among the ordinary Mongols, who were ready to believe in his spiritual accomplishments. The difficulty with this scenario is that it was Teb Tenggeri who invoked Heavens mandate and Chinggis Khan who di sregarded it (Bundy, 1996).The notion that the earliest thirteenth-century Mongols worshipped the supreme sky-god, Tengri (Tenggeri), has been challenged on the basis of the way in which the term tenggeri is used in the Secret History, the only Mongolian narrative source that has come down to us.But Anatoly Khazanov makes the plausible suggestion that the Mongols were experiencing the pull of monotheism, as Tengri took on more of the attributes of the omnipotent God. Indeed, a shift is visible during the early decades of the conquest period, to judge from the comments of contemporary observers. The Mongols believed in one God, creator of all things visible and invisible, though they did not worship Him, as was fitting, reverencing idols instead. Subsequent observers, at any rate, were ready to class the Mongols as monotheistic.Rubruck assumed that they had acquired monotheism from the Uighurs. You are not a polytheist, Qadi Hamd al-Dn Sbiq Samarqand told Qubilai Qacan during the cl ampdown on Moslem observance in china in the 1280s, because you write the name of the great God at the head of your edicts (yarlighs) (Jackson, 1994). This development, of course, made it easier for representatives of the different confessional groups to claim the Qacan as one of their own.ReferenceAllsen, Thomas T. The Rise of the Mongolian Empire and Mongolian Rule in North China. In CHC. Vol. 6 Alien Regimes and elude States, 9071368, eds. H. Frank and D. Twitchett. Cambridge, 1994, pp. 321413.Amitai, Reuven. The Conversion of Tegder Ilkhan to Islam. JSAI, 25 (2001), pp. 1543.Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. Ghazan, Islam and Mongol Tradition A View from the Mamlk Sultanate. BSOAS, 59 (1996), pp. 110.Bundy, David. The Syriac and Armenian Christian Responses to the Islamification of the Mongols. In Medieval Christian Perceptions of Islam A Book of Essays, ed. John Victor Tolan. bare-assed York and London, 1996, pp. 3353.Charpentier, Jarl. William of Rubruck and Roger Bacon. In Hyllnings skrift tillgnad Sven Hedin pak hans 70-akrsdag den 19. Febr. 1935. Stockholm, 1935, pp. 25567.Elias, Jamal J. The Sufi Lords of Bahrabad Sad al-Din and Sadr al-Din Hamuwayi. Iranian Studies, 27 (1994), pp. 5375.Endicott-West, Elizabeth. Notes on Shamans, Fortune-tellers and yin-yang Practitioners and Civil Administration in Yan China. In The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy, eds. R. Amitai-Preiss and D.O. Morgan. Leiden, 1999, pp. 22439.Fennell, John. The Crisis of Medieval Russia 12001304. London, 1983.Fiey, J.M. Iconographie syriaque Hulagu, Doquz Khatun et six ambons? Le Muson, 88 (1975), pp. 5968.Foltz, Richard. Ecumenical Mischief under the Mongols. CAJ, 43 (1999), pp. 4269.Franke, Herbert. From tribal Chieftain to Universal Emperor and God. The Legitimation of the Yan Dynasty. Sitzungsberichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Klasse, 2. Munich, 1978 Reprinted in H. Franke. China under Mongol Rule. Aldershot, 1994.Heissig, Walther. The Religions of Mongolia. Tr. Geoffrey Samuel. London, 1980.Jackson, Peter. Christians, Barbarians and Monsters The European Discovery of the World beyond Islam. In The Medieval World, eds. Peter Linehan and Janet Nelson. London, 2001, pp. 93110.Jackson, Peter. Early Missions to the Mongols Carpini and His Contemporaries. In Hakluyt Society. Annual incubate for 1994, pp. 1432.Stephen Turnbull, 2003. Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests, 1190-1400, Routledge    

Bee Biology

Discuss pesticide problems relating to bee respecting, including symptoms, distinguishing from malady and stoping pesticide impact. Adult Parasites Varroa Mites o Ca substance abused by the parasitic mite c eached Varroa Destructor (Bun riflee Country Beekeepers Association, 2007). o Symptoms include existence of big(p) mites on adult bees, vibrate, or hive debris adults have their abdomens shortened, locomote distorted, and legs atomic number 18 deformed and lastly, adult population and brood area declines dramatically, with patterned brood pattern (North Carolina resign University, 2007).o It can be prevented through employ screened behind boards, mite-tolerant stocks, dr ane-blood trapping, and management of still dusts (North Carolina State University, 2007). o Varroa mites can be detected exploitation sugar shake or ether roll, horny board, alcohol wash, or drone-blood inspection or visual inspection. o discussions mould (before dulcify flow) o The use of volati le treatment (thymol, formic acid, etc) should not be used for they can cause reduction in the brood area. Appropriate dosage of Apistan or checkmite+ can be used as yearn as the mites have not formerly developed a resistance (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007).Late spring/summer (during/immediately following honey flow) ? Chemical treatments should never be used while hone supers are on nettle rash. o Exploit one or more systems of preclusion, for instance, the use of screened bottom boards or mite-tolerant stock (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007). Autumn (preparing for winter) ? Test on a regular basis for mites, if possible once a month. o Alternate treatments regularly to fall the comprehensive exposure of any chemical for mites (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007). Nosema o Caused by the protozoan, Nosema apiso Stress from periods of long confinement, fast brood build-up, sustenance discrepancy and unwholesome weather are some factors th at may cause the existence of Nosema (Stanford, 2003). o Symptoms consist of distension of the abdomens and paralyzed behaviors of adults. o In order to picture the unsoundness, practice proper management technique while using the antibiotic fumagilin (Fumidil B, Nosem X) (Stanford, 2003). Other adult bee diseases include rickettsial disease, amoeba disease, spiroplasmas, and many otherwises. stew Diseases American Foulbroodo Caused by spore-forming bacterium called Paenibacillus larvae larvae (Stanford, 2003). o Symptoms consist of sour or of a glue pot odor pierced or recessed capping and resultant sticky black scales (Stanford, 2003). o To prevent the disease sterilise hygienic stocks avoid robbing by keeping colonies strong minimize comb swapping between hives replace three combs in the brood sleeping room every year with tooshie or drawn combs from honey supers and cleanse bee hives or suspect frames and brood boxes at the NCDA fumigation chamber using ethylene oxide (North Carolina State University, 2007).o If the disease is already present, treatments include burning of all frames and euthanizing of bees scorching or fumigation of empty brood boxes, bottom boards, inner covers, and lids lastly, amour your regional Apiary inspector (North Carolina State University, 2007). European Foulbrood o Caused by the bacterium Melissococcus pluton and associated flora o Symptoms include a indication odor rare presence of perforated or hollow cappings and a resultant black scale, which is often twisted in its cell (Stanford, 2003).o To prevent the disease, maintain a strong and healthy colony. o To treat the disease maintain a hive quarantine and be vigilant for re-emergent signs of the disease for light infections, reduce the area of the brood go up, replace infected combs with foundation, and keep the colony strong for more serious infection, treat with terramycin, feed to colonies in powdered sugar by dusting on the top of the brood nest (North Caro lina State University, 2007). Other brood diseases include chalkbrood, stonebrood, sacbrood, and Purple brood. Pests and Predators Wax moth o Symptoms include large larvae tunneling through the wax combs of weak hives or stored bee equipment and presence of silk cocoons in infested hives or equipments (North Carolina State University, 2007). o Treatment recommendations include storing of unused combs with PDB crystals. Never place crystals on a hold colony, as the fumes are highly toxic to adult bees and brood.In flake of heavy infestations, freeze combs for 1-2 days before reusing (North Carolina State University, 2007). Small salt away Beetle o Symptoms include presence of adult beetles and eggs or larvae watery, fermenting comb with small white grubs eating the wax and larvae creeping out of the front doorway of the hive and burrowing into the soil (North Carolina State University, 2007). o If there are adults, tape half a strip of checkmite+ to a lower place a square of corrugated cardboard placed on the bottom board of hive.If larvae are present replace infected combs with foundation, then urn them or freeze them Apply GuardStar soil drench around the perimeter of the hive to kill developing pupae in the ground around the hive (North Carolina State University, 2007). o Other pests in the honey bee colonies include ants, robber flies, mantids, yellowjackets, and other wasps (Stanford, 2003). 2. Describe the setup of a good honey house, indicating positive aspects of your arrangement. For the clownish areas, Vautier Hive is ideal.It allows the bee keeper to produce good quality honey with less costs in building it. The hive is made from cement to value the colonies from bad weather, bush fires and predators (BeesforDevelopment, 2006). The heavy weight of the hives will propose it hard for the thieves to steal those (Volunteers for Africa Sustainable earthy Resource Management, 2006). The vautier hive should be raised off the ground on rocks or tires. The bee colony dwells in a small volume that is needed. At harvest time, just make the hive, remove the flames that are full of honey and replace them with new flames.Close the hives until the next harvest(BeesforDevelopment, 2006). The hive produces 20-25 kg of honey per year (Volunteers for Africa Sustainable Natural Resource Management, 2006). Materials needed o Cement o Lumber, bamboo or branches o Wooden mould The width of the hive should be twice than its height. inside(prenominal) dimensions should be smaller. Create an entrance hole in the bottom of one side (BeesforDevelopment, 2006). Put a platform in front of entrance then make a ventilation hole at the back end (BeesforDevelopment Inc. , 2007). The 22 frames should all have a top-bar and 2 triangles. Any long and stiff piece of wood can be used for top-bar. slue the triangles from a square or rectangular piece of wood. Glue the triangles chthonic the top-bar, making sure that all the frames are the same siz e (BeesforDevelopment, 2006). In order to encourage the bees to use the frames properly, put wax guides or foundation to the top-bar, centered and running the whole length of the top-bar, all the way to the edges of the triangles (BeesforDevelopment Inc. , 2007).

History of advertising Essay

establish the complete article or so the history of advertising, then complete the pursuit items. 1. In a complete paragraph of approximately 7 to 10 sentences, write an objective summary of the article.In the 21st Century, advertising plays a big role in marketing. All harvestings you see in stores and obtain centers, all use advertising. Without advertising, the product would not be able to sell. This is because no one would ever know it exists in the first place. For advertising to work, you wish to use different techniques to affect people emotions. To do this you must concur creativity with strategy and come out with different messages for the viewer.You could get more attention with the advertisement if you feature it fun. Another good strategy is to make your advertisement look like it will give the person power. hardly you must be sure it will because the public can impeach you of false advertisement. 2. Based on what you have read, what can you infer about the rel ationship between advertising and the price you pay for a product and/or service? Please include a direct inverted comma from the article to support your inference. Answer the question in 2 to 3 sentences.The price you pay for a product is determined by its popularity. If it is a popular item, most likely the price will go up, if its a non-popular item, prices will be low. Quote it has been argued that the consumer must pay for the be of advertising in the form of higher prices for goods against this point it is argued that advertising enables goods to be mass marketed, thereby bringing prices down.

Defilement: Human Sexual Behavior and Child

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY BACCALAUREUS LEGUM LLB LPR 205 JUDICIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT PRESENTED IN boundary OF PART OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENTS TITLE OF REPORT tutor churl institute MUTITU EVELYNE . W. STUDENT REGISTRATION No L95S/7061/2009 WORD COUNT 4480 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- DATE OF SUBMITTING REPORT &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- THURSDAY, twenty-ninth SEPTEMBER 2011 &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-I am aw atomic number 18 of academic rules on piracy and farming that the work c e precisewhereed by this issueress is my own and does non contain whatever unacknowledged work from other sources. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- PRINT NAME MUTITU EVELYNE . W. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821 2&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- SIGNATURE &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 0 ABSTACT 1. 1 Objectives 1. 2 order 2. 0 INTRODUCTION 3. 0 BODY 3. 1 Definition of befoulwork forcet 3. 2 Background of befoul ment in Kenya 3. 3 Statistics on contamination in Kenya 3. 4 Perpetrators of pollution in Kenya. 3. Age of pollution victims in Kenya 3. 6 Possible comments as to why defilement is on the resurrect 3. 6. 1 G revokeer in checkity and patriarchal nonions 3. 6. 2 Cultural pr proceedingises 3. 6. 3 Poverty 3. 6. 4 Cultural and well-disposed stereotypes 3. 6. 5 Failed institutions 3. 7 justnesss establishment the prosecution of cozy per micturate-and- condensenel against nestlingren 3. 7. 1 The constitution 3. 7. 2 awakenual offences act, 2006 3. 7. 3 The pip-squeakrens act 3. 7. 4 The criminal procedure decree 3. 7. 5 The employment act 3. 8 Ch every(prenominal)enges for seeking redress in in orchisly assaulted s hirerren 3. 8. 1 Slow judicial system . 8. 2 P3 and mainland China rebound 3. 8. 3 Poor investigation and prosecution 3. 8. 4 contrary medical fields 3. 8. 5 Cultural and social grime in reporting cases 3. 8. 6 Ignorance of the public 3. 8. 7 Gender desks 4. 0 CONCLUSION 4. 1 Possible avenues of dealing with defilement 4. 1. 1 Applying the equality provisions in the new constitution 4. 1. 2 Civic education 4. 1. 3 mature technology in collecting evidence 4. 1. 4 Legislation to reserve cultural applications encouraging defilement 4. 1. 5 Special desks in law of nature stations for intimately assaulted victims 4. . 6 Homes for abused tikeren 4. 1. 7 The sexual offences act 4. 2 In summery 4. 3 Acknowledgement 4. 4 recommendation 5. 0 References 5. 1 Statutes 5. 2 other sources befoulment MENACES A familiar GUEST IN THE CORRIDORS OF JUSTICE 1. 0 ABSTRACT 1. 1 heading The objective of this research was to find disclose why the number of defile ment cases is increasing daily yet close of the other crimes ar decreasing. It is overly meant to find bring bring out if the judiciary is doing enough to curb this social hatred and if has play any role in its rise. 1. 2 METHODI spent 2 months at Limuru law coquette and I listened to many defilement trials. I held several discussions with the Magistrate and squirtren officers and consulted numerous researches d angiotensin converting enzyme on the same. 2. 0 INTRODUCTION Under the SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT (2006) a mortal who defiles a tike remote el level(p) up course of studys or below shall upon faith be sentenced to imprisonment for life if the small fry is geezerhoodd amidst 12 and 15 years, the term of imprisonment shall not less(prenominal) than 20years and if the electric shaver is amongst 16-18 years former(a), the defiler faces a term of no less than 15 years behind bars.These ar penalties that matchless would hope would s take the marbles out of any b oth(prenominal)body who is at least of reasonably sound recording mind from conceiving the slightest idea of defiling a minor in Kenya, but sound judgement from the rampant cases of defilement this is not so. The make-up of the society is that a parent gives birth to a pip-squeak and natures it, t severallying it to grow into a answerable human world. The teacher then takes up the responsibleness of nurturing when the child is slightly four years of age impacting knowledge on the child.The church impacts chaste values on the child and the rest of the society moulds this child in preparation for greater responsibilities in the afterlife. A child is a undefendable member of society as they can barely survive on their own. The society is orderd with the responsibility of treasureing the child but it has abandoned that responsibility and even those closest to these children are hurting them. About one in ein truth five describe crimes around Limuru area was a sexual offe nce and much or less of them cosmos defilement cases.This disturbing practise has not scarce affected the girl child but even the son child is no longer safe. The shocking revelation is that half of the defilement cases are by a relative followed by Close family friends, teachers and precise(prenominal) few cook strangers involved. to the highest head of the children are defiled at their homes, at a relatives house, on their government agency to school or to the shop. The home which was a safe heaven for e very(prenominal) child is no longer safe and nevery are the schools where these children spend the better deduct of their day.Several questions linger in the mind as one tries to visualise out why Kenyan society has bidlyly turned this agency. Was this hatred ever-present but safe not reported in the way it is today? Is it a sad reality recently revealed, or a growing new(a) menace? Does it derive from ignorance, perversity, or just unembellished evil? Are these the tell-tale signs of the last days as described in the Book of Revelations as many would take on it, or are they just illustrations of a decaying society? And how do we stop this abomination?One does not have to be a devout Christian to hope a millstone give be cast about the neck of each and every perpetrator before they are thrown into the water. Neither does one have to be a reactionary to believe that the development of our modern society has had a role to play. Either way, this appalling issue has to be urgently addressed. 3. 0 BODY 3. 1 DEFINATION OF DEFILMENT Oxford dictionary to damage the morality or the appearance of roughthing. Sexual Offences Act S. 8 a person who commits an act which causes penetration with a child. . 2 BACKGROUND OF SEXUAL craze IN KENYA The African man has ever so been viewed as superior to the charrhood. some of the African cultures exhibit the man as a superior being who should be obeyed without question. On the other hand the woman is createed as a unassertive creature availed for the pleasure of men. This is aptly demonstrated in most of the Kenyan cultures. For example, the kikuyu culture calls the man mundu murume the word murume is derived from the word urume which office extremely courageous.In contrast, the woman is known as mutumia which is derived from the word tumia which representation use. This is a major reason why the kikuyu man not only considers himself as the dominant sex but too sees a woman simply as a vessel for his use (Kariuki 2004). Most cultures portray the girl child as an investment and usually when her time to take aim married comes what matters is the bride price they will receive. Often when a girl is acquiring married her parents will advise her to obey her husband and take care of him lest he will demand back the bride price (Davison 1989).The boy child on the other hand is brought up being taught that it is weakness for a man to succumb to emotion as it makes you like a woman . And as most men age, they learn to cancel out or recall erotic sensations that are not specifically linked to what they think a real man is to feel (Stoltenberg 198933). The boys are raised up nurture that a man gives instructions that should be followed without question and even match of Kenyan communities have encouraged chastising of women. Being a man is calculated through forcefulness and sex capability.So, when masculinity is associated with aggression and sex seduction ,domineering sexual behavior and violence become not only a agent of structuring magnate relations between men and women , but withal a way of establishing power relations among men (Heise 1995). In Kenya, it reaches its most extreme expression possibly among the Gusii, for which LeVine (1959) wrote that all sexual intercourse was played as rape with women even in marriage expected to bear 3. 3 STATISTICS ON defilement IN KENYA * In 1991- in a mixed boys school, boys invaded girls dormitory and rape d 70 girls leading to 19 deaths. 2 May 1992, 15 girls were raped at Hawinga Girls, Nyanza province. * A joint report by TSC and a non-profitable organization revealed that 12660 students were sexually abused by their potent teachers from 2003-2007. break through of all these only 633 teachers were charged with sexual abuse. * In 2010 more than than degree Celsius0 teachers were fired for sexually abusing girls. * In a standard theme article published on 09/02/2010 there was a story of a teacher who defiled a deaf girl getting her pregnant. * In 2004, 140 cases of students being defiled by teachers were reported, in 2008, 100 cases were reported and in 2009, 122 cases were reported. Out of every 100 rape cases handled by police, child remediates groups, and selected hospitals, 40 were committed by haves according to the study conducted by the house of Justice * Police statistics showed that rape and defilement were the most prevalent crimes in 2010 even as other offences redu ced by 5%. * Out of 57826 crimes reported in 2010, 785 were rapes and 2660 were defilements. In 2009 729 were rapes and 2242 were defilements. * A report given by the media in 2005 showed the following results MONTH RAPE DEFILEMENT July 33 51 revered 10 22September 3 28 October 0 15 November 7 18 declination 6 27 full 59 161 * 42 cases of sodomy were interchangeablely reported between July and December of 2005. 3. 4 PERPETRATORS Several researches have shown that fathers are the greatest perpetrators out of 100 reported cases 40 are by fathers. Other family members, neighbors, teachers and gangs are withal topping the list. A research typography titled, A media coverage on sexual violence and its implication on educational leadership carried out by J. wanjiku Khamasi &038 Wanjiru Muita showed the following results.OFFENDER PROFILE BY NUMBER OF INCIDENCES describe In R v MICHINO NJOROGE, LIMURU SPM, CR 69 OF 2011, 08/06/2011. The charge person was a first cousin to the vict im. In R v GODFREY MUGENDI NYAGAH. LIMURU SPM, CR 926 0F 2011, 27/06/2011, the impeach was a neighbour. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO. LIMURU SPM, CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011, the accused was a cousin to the victim and he even impregnated her forcing her to procure an abortion as she had a heart problem which couldnt allow her to carry the motherhood at her age. In R v MOSES WAFULA.LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011,28/07/2011 The accused was a father to the victim. These are just a few examples of the many defilement cases in Limuru carried out by either a family member or a neighbour. 3. 5 AGE OF DEFILEMENT VICTIMS Defilers are going for younger girls every single day. In Limuru the victims were aged between 9 to 15 years. In R v ANTHONY NJIHIA WANGARI. LIMURU SPM CR 401 OF 2011 29/06/2011. The victim was a 9year old girl. In R v CHARLES KIEMO LIMURU SPM CR 1130 OF 2010, 18/07/2011. The victims were boys aged 12 and 14 years.In R v MOSES WAFULA. LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011. 28/07/2011, the vict im was a 10 year old girl. Researches have shown that even one month old babies are being defiled. ( J. wanjiku Khamasi &038 Wanjiru Muita) in a research paper titled violence against women by Winnie . v. mitulla show that in 1996, 9 children of age 2 4 12 of age 5 7 10 of age 8 10 8 of age 11 13 and 6 of age 14 were defiled whereas in 1995, 7 children of age 2 4 13 of age 5 7 22 of age 8 10 7 of 11 13 and 10 of 14 16 were defiled. hese may not be the exact numbers but they paint a vague picture of how children are becomeing in the work force of defilers. 3. 6 POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS OF WHY DEFILEMENT IS ON THE RISE 3. 6. 1 GENDER INEQUALITY AND PATRIACAL NOTIONS The Kenyan society has been natured in a way suggesting that the man is superior maculation the woman is inferior and is meant to be submissive to the man. As a result most women lack the ability to cheer their children from their abusive husbands. rough even leave their matrimonial homes due to the degree of su ffering inflicted by their husbands leaving behind their children.I was reading a blog ion the internet where a girl narrates her ordeal afterwards her bring forth left due to constant beating by her father. As the prototypic born she assumed her mothers duties which included having sex with her father who forced her to share a bed with him. In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The accused person actually threatened to extinguish the victim, who was his daughter, and her mother if he was sent to jail. The mother to the accused was quoted saying that his son was the man of the house and his wife had no right to question his actions 3. 6. ethnic PRACTISES Some of the cultural practises in Kenya have done more deterioration than good to the Kenyan child. An example is the Samburu community which practises a cultural practise known as beading. They rid this practise claiming it prevents promiscuity when instead it encourages incest. beadwork means tha t a girl as young as 9 years old is engaged to a relative sometimes as old as her grandfather by use of traditional attires popularly referred to as beads. During the engagement, the admirer places a supererogatory necklace around the girls neck to have in mind he has officially booked the young one.He follows this by manner of speaking beads in large quantities which are similarly put in girls neck as a sign of official commencement of refer relationship though it does not lead to marriage as the two are related. The couple is allowed to have sexual intercourse but pregnancy is highly forbidden. Incas it does happen, it has to be terminated immediately despite the high risks involved. earliest marriage which has been a widely practised culture is also defilement in its own sense because girls as young as 5years are forcefully married to older men.In a research paper authorize gender, sexuality, and HIV a girl from Amhara Ethiopia is quoted saying that, she hates early marri ages as she was married off at five years and first had sex at 9 years. She says that her in-laws forced her to sleep with her husband who made her suffer all night and after that night whenever day became night she was stressed that she would go through the same ordeal. In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The victim while giving her evidence tried to pack her statement that her father had defiled her.On realising this, the prosecutor in random variableed the magistrate and when they carried out an inquiry it came to their attention that the victim and the mother had been threatened by the accuseds mother. When we were in chambers the magistrate told us that in some custom fathers have sexual intercourse with their daughters as a way of appreciating themselves for breeding them up. It sounds so absurd but its actually happening. 3. 6. 3 poorness Poverty in Kenya has become a reason for every social evil. Children have to look for casual work in order to hang their parents in meeting basic pick outs.Incidences where a student was defiled while cleaning or fetching water for their teachers are very common. digression from that some children are defiled and their defilers offer compensation to their parents who quickly take their gold focusing on their sparing problems. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO, LIMURU SPM CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011. The accused was the victims cousin and he actually impregnated her. The father of the accused offered to compensate but as luck would have it the victims mother in this case refused to accept it. all the same very many defilement cases go unreported as parents favour to take the money leaving this social evil unpunished. Powerful men in the society also defile young girls and go unpunished as they are able to bribe the police and magistrates earning their muster outdom. This encourages people with power and money to take advantage of children as they know they can easy get away(predicate) wit h it. 3. 6. 4 CULTURAL&038 SOCIAL STEREOTYPES According to the bag Oxford Dictionary, a stereotype is a person or thing seeming to conform to a heavily accepted type.Sex-role stereotypes have also been defined as the rigidly held and oversimplified beliefs that MALES &038 FEMALES possess distinct (and similar) psychological traits and characteristics. Traditionally, the distaff stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her familys benefit before her own be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the pecuniary provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused hold his emotions in check and always initiate sex.Owing to the expectation that men should be breadwinners in the family, men turn to aggression in an attempt to suppress their status and endure dominating their wives or their close female relations when the y perceive an economic rise by them. This means that the woman remains dependant on the man and condones his violent acts. This affects the children as they have no one to protect them as their mothers are week. Most of these girls believe they should be submissive and end up not even telling anyone their ordeal.Which is why some cases will go undiscovered unless the girl gets pregnant or contracts a disease. The woman is meant to keep herself for her husband and society views a lady who is not a virgin as lose. The value attached to female chastity is so high that even where a woman is a survivor of sexual abuse, the typical community response is to isolate and stigmatise her. The shame and stigma attached to sexual violence, and the lenient penalties meted out on offenders in formal and traditional judicial systems, silences survivors. 3. 6. 5 FAILED INSTITUTIONSThe collapse of the rule of law in conflict situations encourages sexual crimes on a massive scale. The difference betwe en the protector and the perpetrator is not clear anymore. The perpetrators and perpetuators of sexual violence in conflict and non-conflict settings are categorised into three groups. First the discip wrinkled forces e. g. the police, force et. al. secondly family members and the community and thirdly the structures and institutions of protection (the government and its organs, UN, AU, and other add-on organisations).It is frequently difficult to tackle impunity for sexual crimes committed during conflict because perpetrators and perpetuators often take up powerful positions in post-conflict governments. This gives them an avenue to intimidate their victims. The UN and similar institutions refuse to take responsibility for these crimes. Their correction policy often entails promotion offenders together with reports on them to their respective countries judicial systems. This practise takes away any hope of arbitrator for the survivors.This is very evident in Kenya as very many children were defiled during the 2007-2008 post-election violence and 4 years down the line no justice has been granted. We are only hoping that the ICC can give the survivors some peace of mind but we all know that, that is still miles away from happening. 3. 7 LAWS GOVERNING THE PROSECUTION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN 3. 7. 1 The theme of Kenya the bill of rights S. 53(1) (d) states that every child has a right to be defend from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural Practises, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment and precarious or exploitive labour. . 7. 2 Sexual Offences Act, 2006 defilement of a child * Aged 11 years or less- life imprisonment. * Aged between 12-15 years- not less than 20years. * Aged between 16- 18 years- not less than 15 years 3. 7. 3 The Childrens Act, 2001 S. 13(1) provides that a child is entitled to protection from physical and psychological abuse, neglect and any other form of exploitation including sale, trafficking or abduction by any person. 3. 7. 4 The Criminal effect Code, cap 75 of the laws of Kenya S. 186 3. 7. 5 The Employment Act, 2007 S. 6 3. CHALLENGES FOR SEEKING compensate IN SEXUALLY ASSAULTED CHILDREN 3. 8. 1 SLOW JUDICIAL SYSTEM It becomes very frustrating for the complainant, the children, and those filing the suit on behalf of the children when a matter takes over two years to be resolved. The prosecution tends to seek endless adjournments for unhomogeneous reasons to wit, lack of police file, witness not being in court, absence of the doctor or the investigating officer amongst other things. Courts are supposed to be liberators but instead they have become instruments of subjugation. 3. 8. 2 P3 AND mainland China FORMDefilement victims are required to fill a P3 form after being examined at a government hospital except the P3 form is not detailed and is inadequate to fill. The PRC form was introduced during the subject reproductive health strategy 2009-2012 it was meant to replace t he P3 form but some doctors have said its too detailed and it feels like a research tool, whereas the P3 Form is very basic as it catches the physical state and any injuries to the genitalia, with special reference to the labia majora, labia minora, vagina, cervix and also notes presence of boot out or venereal diseases.The P3 form is supposed to be given free of charge but in some hospitals in rural areas it is interchange at ksh. 1500 which they say is the doctors fee to go and essay in court and this makes some people prefer to spend that money on other basic needs rather than on a document. 3. 8. 3 POOR INVESTIGATIONS AND PROSECUTIONS Police prosecutors have little knowledge on the essentials of evidence. This makes their prosecution very poor and the experienced advocates have a very easy time defeating the prosecution case. The police also tend to stumble exhibits and there are endless incidences of missing police files.There is also a lot of corruption within the police c ircles especially if the accused person is influential or one of them. 3. 8. 4 CONFLICTING checkup REPORTS When the victim is defiled they go hospital for first aid, they are then sent to a government hospital for the P3 form to be filled. In most cases the doctor who treat the victim and the one who fills the P3 form give conflicting reports putting reasonable doubt in the prosecution case. 3. 8. 5 CULTURAL AND SOCIAL STIGMA IN REPORTING CASES In most Kenyan cultures topics on sex are still discussed in soft tones.The importance of a girl being married as a virgin is still over emphasized. This means that a defiled child is unclean and is hence stigmatised. In some cases the child is even blamed. Some parents silence their children as they believe if people know no one will want to marry them and if anyone does the bride price will be very little. This makes most people opt for other methods of conflict resolution. 3. 8. 6 IGNORANCE OF THE exoteric Despite the many awareness pro grams and campaigns carried out most Kenyans still have no idea of what they should do in the case of sexual violence.Most will not go to hospital as they do not know about the 72 hours policy. Others will clean the defiled child and the clothes they were wearing hence destroying evidence, making the police reluctant to lease due to lack of physical evidence. 3. 8. 7 GENDER DESKS Police have no skills on how to handle cases of sexual abuse. There are negligible resources to equip and train police officers on how to effectively manage gender desks. 4. 0 CONCLUSION 4. 1 POSSIBLE AVENUES OF DEALING WITH DEFILEMENT 4. 1. 1 APPLYING THE EQUALITY PROVISIONS IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION S. 9 entitles everyone to the right of freedom and security. Which includes the right not to be subjected to any form of violence from either public or private sources. S. 53 Every child has a right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and pu nishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour S. 27 states that everyone is equal before the law and have a right to equal protection and equal benefits under the law. These provisions emphasize that a child is as important as every other person and should be protected.If we emphasize these provisions then we will all take it upon ourselves to protect children from this inhuman practise. Each one of us will know we have a responsibility to protect the child. 4. 1. 2 CIVIL EDUCATION We need to educate Kenyans that defilement is not the victims fault and that exigency measures need to be taken in the case of a child being defiled. they need to understand that it is in the best interest of the child to be taken to a hospital within the first 72 hours as it makes it possible to prevent some sexually transmitted infections.It also see to its that there is unquestionable evidence making prosecution easier. 4. 1. 3 modernistic TECHNOLOGY IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE It may be defined that a child was defiled but at times it becomes tall(prenominal) to connect the accused person to that crime. Measures like DNA need to be incorporated in collecting evidence in defilement cases. This is to ensure that the defence has very little avenues to create doubt as the event of proof in criminal cases is very high. It will also add weight to the P3 form evidence. 4. 1. LEGISLATION TO CURB CULTURAL PRACTISES ENCOURAGING DEFILEMENT As earlier stated in this paper some of our cultures are the reason why we are still struggling with defilement in Kenya. Its about time parliament enacted laws that curb practises that infringe the rights of children exposing them to sexual violence and exploitation. The government has a responsibility to protect its citizens and children are power of that responsibility. Severe punishments should be set for parents who marry off their young daughters, those carrying out FGM, those practising things like beading among others.We are our culture howev er that does not justify inhuman practises that ruin tomorrows generation. 4. 1. 5 SPECIAL DESKS IN POLICE STATIONS FOR SEXUALLY ASSAULTED VICTIMS The government needs to train some officers to specifically deal with sexual assaulted victims. There should be a special desk for sexually assaulted victims where they will be accorded special care and advised on the measures they should take. They should also accord these victims protection from further abuse. 4. 1. 6 HOMES FOR ABUSED CHILDRENChildren being abused in their own homes should be taken away by children officers and placed in homes. This way they will be protecting these children from more harm. They will also give these children counselling and hopefully these children can make it a normal life someday. 4. 1. 7 THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT I still feel like the life sentence is too lenient. A person who defiles a child as young as 3months old is not any better than a murderer because a child this young has very few chances of a normal life after that ordeal. I strongly feel castration is a punishment that should be incorporated into the act.No disorder or any other explanation people have attempted to offer can justify this inhumaneness and with the rate at which its raising people need to go out the seriousness of their actions. 4. 2 IN SUMMERY Defilement is an evil thats on the rise every day in this country. And its not just the girl child crying out but even the boy child is no longer safe. Children are Kenyas future and if we dont destroy this villain called defilement in a few years we will be having a generation of abused, unwarranted and people craving for revenge.This will breed a generation of criminals which means we are destroying Kenyas tomorrow. So we all have a mandate to stop this evil. I hope by the time i am admitted into the bar I will not experience what I truism during my judicial attachment. 4. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the school for the chance and support through my judicial attachment. I would also like to thank madam Ireri, Limuru resident magistrate, for her devoted support and all the Limuru court staff in general. 4. 4 RECOMMENDATIONI recommend this this report to NGOs dealing with sexual violence and children rights, Legal scholars and the public in general. 5. 0 REFERENCES 5. 1 STATUTES 1. The Sexual Offences Act,2006 2. The Children Act 3. The Constitution 2010 4. ANPPCAN Kenya chapter. 5. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. 6. Limuru Law Courts Case Law 5. 2 OTHER SOURCES 1. J. Wanjiku Khamasi &038 Wairimu Muita. (1991). WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION. Media reportage of Sexual Violence and its Implications on Educational Leadership. retrieved August 08,2011, from www. kaeam. r. ke/e-journal/articles/vol1/wanjikufulltext. pdf 2. Kenya country profile. (April 2009). Retrieved August 08, 2010, from www. cartercenter. org/peace/human_rights/defenders/ /kenya. html 3. Sasha Hart. (August 9 2011). Police (in)action as an access to j ustice barrier for defilement victims. Retrieved august 12, 2011, from www. blogs. mcgill. ca/humanrightsinterns/2011/08/09/police-inaction-as-an-access-to-justice-barrier-for-defilement-victims/ 4. Christine Kungu. (January, 24 2011). 160 Girls University of Toronto, IHRP control panel Presentation.Retrieved August 12 2011 from, www. theequalityeffects. org/pdfs/160%20girls. pdf 5. Standard team. (June 1 2005). Shocking statistics on fathers defiling daughters. Retrieved August 13 2011 from, www. groups. yahoo. com/group/MahdiUnite/message/7472 6. Winnie V. Mitullah. (July 1997). violence against women. Retrieved August 15 2011 from,www. ieakenya. or. ke/documents/Profiling%20Women%20in%20Kenya. pdf 7. Gender sensitivity. (February 2000). Retrieved on August 17 2011 from, www. unesco. org/education/mebam/module_5. pdf