Different Approaches In Child Psychotherapy Children And Young People Essay

diametric Approaches In Child mental hygiene Children And Young People EssayIn this paper, after a summary of explanations of why tike psychformer(a)apy is all important(predicate) in 0 to 3 years of days host, some different psychotherapy go wizs allow for be introduced. The paper allow for be strain on psychoanalytic / psychodynamic models however, other greetes pass on be find outd. E truly(prenominal) procession will be examined in theoretical and practical aspects.IntroductionThe very beginning years of human life attracts the attention of researchers in juvenile years. Especially in the period of 0-3 years of age, brain development is very fast and also the basis of the characteristic features is discarded.Through the psychotherapy dos with full-gr give patients, the importance of early pincerishness times on mental wellness began to understand much than. Today we know that early childhood experiences get down baron to affect rest of ones life in phy sical, emotional, cognitive or favorable argonas (Movder, Rubinson Yasik, 2009). Therefore, in the early years of childhood, healing(p) interventions ar quite of import to minimize the risk factors of future problems.The main(prenominal) oddment of this paper is to falsify a summary more or less different approaches in early childhood psychotherapies. Although there atomic number 18 hundreds of different therapy techniques in the literature, this paper will single contract on some of the technique which exercise in 0- to 3-year-old-children. mental hygiene in 0- to 3-year-old-children from yesteryear to presentThe therapeutic work with children had begun with the case of piddling Hans who had been analyzed by Freud (1909). Hans was five years old when Freud started to treat him. On the other hand, a ii and threesome-quarters-year-old patient Rita, was treated by Klein (1960). This was the beginning case adopt in 0 to 3 years of age group.At the beginning of the therapeutic work with children, it was kn testify the effect of the psychoanalytic ideas. Later, child psychologists, who work with different schools, developed different approaches and different techniques. several(prenominal) of them were non-directive and took the child to the center. Others were directive and focused on p atomic number 18nt-child relationship. In this paper, I will focus to psychoanalytic / psychodynamic theory found approaches. And then, I will before long mention some other approaches.Psychoanalytic exercise TherapyThis therapy approach is establish on Freuds classic psychoanalytic thoughts. Anna Freud (1946 as cited in Astramovich, 1999) and Melanie Klein (1960) holded the poser of this therapy technique. They stayed loyal to the some of the grassroots concepts of psychoanalysis such as unconscious(p)(p) materials and defense mechanisms. But still there were some differences in the midst of them.harmonize to Klein (1960), children bet purely symbol ic games. In this regard, childs tamper is similar to freehanded association in adults and must be analyzed and interpreted by the healer. Klein stated that even little children have insight capacity thus she found it important to reading the child. In her look, interpret the unconscious symbols and metaphors will help the child to understand his or her real feelings. So that the anxiety level of the child will decrease. She also mentioned about the transference puzzle out in children. When she began to treat her cardinal and three-quarters-year-old patient Rita, she was going her home and acting with her toys in her room. But then, she thought that this process may non let the transference occur, and consequently she proposed to analyze child in consulting room, not in the childs house. (Klein, 1960)Anna Freud (1946) thought different from Klein in some matters. She brings deuce main objections to Kleins methodology. first-class honours degree she mentioned about the is sue of free association. harmonize to Freud, childs play displacenot think as a version of free association in adults. She believed that a childs play is not always symbolic it could be a reperforming of real events. She also thought different in transference process. In terms of her even out of view, the childs interest to the therapist can be seen as an affectionate affixation rather than transference (Freud, 1946). fit to Astramovich (1999) toys and childs play atomic number 18 tools to get unconscious material. The therapist tries to make the unconscious processes conscious, and to gains insight into the child. Therefore, the therapist should be sympathetic and encourage the child to develop a transference relationship. The main goal of this technique is to foster the awareness of wishes and conflicts and help to children to improve tolerance to their own feelings.Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT)CCPT was developed by Virginia Axline (1947) who was student of Carl Rogers. This approach based on Rogerian view. Axline gave place to some of the introductory concepts of humanistic theory such as unconditional positive regard, genuineness and empathic understanding. Although Axline herself did not work with the 0 to 3 years of age group, CCPT is used for this period. In a study (Frick-Helms, 1997) 2.8 year old child was treated with this approach. gibe to Axline (1947) this is a child-led, nondirective approach. It has ii main purposes to help for change and to increase the self-determination of the child. There are no diagnostic interviews before the treatment. Past is past and the child will tell his or her story when the time comes. Therefore, CCPT therapist does not focus to interpreting the child. In play room, the child is free to do what he or she want. The therapist follows the child accommodates childs steps and not try to give to the child or not hurry up to solve the problems. The therapist must be vigilant and tender to the childs requireme nts. Acceptance and understanding of the child is crucial. When the child realizes that he or she includeed by the therapist, it increases the self dominance of the child. (Axline, 1947)CCPT also focuses the nameing of the childs real self. Moustakas (1959 as cited in Astramovich, 1999) mentioned that the lack of recognition of the real self conveys negative effect on children and thus, children can not reveal their potentials. The therapists task is to help the child for realization his or her own real self. This process will bring emotional insight to the child.Jungian Analytic Play TherapyThis approach is based on Carl Gustav Jungs theoretical view about human psychology. Jung (1954 as cited in Robson, 2010) believed that we all have two types of unconscious personalized and collective. And both of them have archetypes which contain ideas, images, voices and etc. In his point of view, the therapist should provide a reliable environment to the child for playing and revealing the unconscious material. Then the therapist interprets the play and that gives a chance to therapist to promote the child through a mend process (Robson, 2010).There is not enough information about the practice of this approach with 0 to 3 years of age group. However, I can mention about a bod of Jungian sandtray therapy technique called as sandplay therapy which is adequate for every age period. I will touch on this subject posthumousr in sandtray therapy chapter.Psychoanalytic Parent Infant PsychotherapyThe insane asylums of this approach come from psychoanalytic theory. It is a version of psychoanalytic play therapy for 0 to 2 years of age period. Therefore, some changes are made. harmonise to Baradon (2005) one of the changes is the position of parents in the therapy process. Unlike classical psychoanalytic view, parents have crucial position in this approach. The therapist tries to support parents to enable purify relation with the infant, to enable emotional regulatio n of both themselves and their infants. Also this approach more focused on the infants to support their development. Positive attachment behaviors, babys transparent sense of self, potential developmental risks, separation and individuation process are worked with parents and infants together. (Baradon, 2005)Baradon also mentioned that, in this approach, the relationship amidst parents and their infants is seen as patient. The therapist tries to establish a laborsaving environment for the therapy and leans on the relationship. Transference and counter-transference processes defense mechanisms and apology are taken into consideration by the therapist. The therapist also procures focal point to parents about the care of the baby. Other important features of this method are opinion and observation of the infant. Psychoanalytic Parent Infant Psychotherapy may use in group settings. It also should be noted that each session is videotaping in this approach. (Baradon, 2005)Filial The rapy (FT)This approach was developed by Drs. Bernard and Louise Guerney in the late 1950s. According to Drewes (2009) FT is a kind of multi theoretical psychoeducational approach which exploits other approaches such as family therapy, play therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. In this technique, the therapist teaches and guides parents as they learn how to play their children. FT is suitable for children 2-12 years of age. It is also useful in group settings. Individual parent sessions generally continue between 15 to 20 one-hour sessions. And group sessions meet for two hours between 10 to 20 weeks.Drewes also mentioned that FT practice begins with an intake session. Then the therapist observes the family duration they are playing together. This observation process takes about 20 minutes. mightily after the observation, the therapist talks with parents about the play and tell them the FT method. Then the therapist plays with the child in a non-directive way in order to teach to parents how to play. Meanwhile, parents watch the therapist. Towards the end of the session the therapist and parents talk about about the childs play. The therapist listens to parents empathically and answers their interrogative sentences (Drewes, 2009).When the training period starts, the therapist trains to parents about playing skills. Parents learn four basic skills structuring the play, empathic listening, child-centered imaginary play and limit-setting skill. Later, the therapist acts like a child and parents play with the therapist. Parents are encouraged to show what they learn about the play. The therapist gives them feedbacks. After that, parents play with their own children with the watch of the therapist. Finally, towards the end of the treatment, parents practice the play in the home settings. (Drewes, 2009).Theraplay (Attachment-Enhancing Play Therapy)Theraplay is a short-term therapy approach which is based on attachment theory (Booth Jernberg, 2010). It is t ake into account to children from eighteen months to twelve years. The core aim of this approach is to improve a safe, compatible, playful relationship between a child and his or her parents.According to Booth Jernberg (2010) the treatment plan of theraplay practice is generally for eighteen to cardinal sessions. Every treatment plan includes appraisal, treatment and checkup phases. In assessment phase, the childs behaviors and the parents attitudes are assessed by the therapist. In the first treatment phase there can be one or two therapists. If there are two therapists, while one of the therapists is playing with the child the other one, the interpreting therapist, works with parents. In the beginning of the treatment parents do not essence to play sessions. They watch their child from two-way viewing mirror with the interpreting therapist or they watch from videotape after the session (if there are not two therapists). The interpreting therapist talks about the rationale of th e theraplay, the problem areas of the child, wishes, concerns and expectations with parents. In the spot treatment phase, after observant process, parents play with the child in theraplay room. In this phase, four basic skills are taught to parents structuring, challenging, intruding and/or nurturing. After a termination session, the checkups phase comes. checkup sessions are made quarterly in first year and yearbook thereafter. (Booth Jernberg, 2010)Watch, Wait and Wonder (WWW) / Infant-Parent Psychotherapy (IPP)I will introduce these two approaches as together because both of them were developed by same team up at the Hincks-Dellcrest Childrens Mental Health Centre (Toronto, Canada). WWW and IPP are telling on infants and based on psychodynamic principles such as unconscious, transference, countertransference and potential blank shell ( Tuters, Doulis Yabsley, 2011). Also these concepts are considered in conjunction with the attachment theory.One of these two approaches is WWW. First W tells to parents watch the play of the infant What is the infant doing? turn W tells to parents wait the infants play. Dont hurry Let the infant take to broaden in the play And third W tells to parents wonder about the infants play. What is the infant trying to tell you? The infants play is seen as potential space between the infant and the parent ( Tuters et al., 2011). There are two basic principles of WWW. To accept the leadership of the infant in the play and to accept that the play has a symbolic meaning. Every WWW session has two parts. In first part, the infant plays and the parents are asked to play with the infant on the floor. In play, leadership must be in the infant and the parents should follow the child. In second part the play and the thoughts and feelings of parents are discussed with the therapist.Infant-Parent Psychotherapy (IPP) approach is similar to WWW. Their basic principles are same, but there are some little differences between them. In IPP, in order to show the effect of parents unresolved past issues, the therapist is more active in play. And also countertransference process is more considered in IPP (Tuters et al., 2011).The Developmental, Individual-Differences, Relationship-Based (DIR) ApproachThis approach was developed by Stanley Greenspan and it provides a multi-dimensional organisation in order to assess and support of infants and children with different developmental characteristics (Greenspan Wider, 2006). It is oddly effective for children who have autism spectrum disorder, down syndrome, learning disorders and developmental disorders. However, DIR approach is suitable to define the childs and familys features.According to Greenspan (2006) the D expresses developmental levels. It gives an idea about that question Where is the child in developmental continuum? The I expresses individual differences. It emphasizes biologically based capacities such as auditory processing, motor planning and etc. And the I expresses relationship. It calls attention to the relationship between the child and the parents. DIR approach benefits from floortime, which is a kind of play technique, so as to practice the model. Floortime is performed with little children on the floor. taking into account the childrens individual differences, floortime supports their developmental levels relationship skills. (Greenspan Wider, 2006)Interactional GuidanceThis approach was developed by Dr. Susan McDonough so as to understand arrive-infant relationship through the interactive play experience. It aims to unite the relationship between infant and the mother and to increase the mothers enjoyment from interactions with the infant (Balbernie, 1998). Core concepts of this approach are therapeutic alliance and strengths of the family. According to Balbernie (1998) the model focuses on strength features of the family system and tries to consolidate them. The mothers past is not analyzed. Transference dynamics are consi dered but there is no fully interpretation. Treatment phase contains 5-12 sessions. Videotape is used in this approach.Ecosystemic Play Therapy (EPT)This approach was developed by OConnor who emphasizes the importance of the childrens whole ecosystem. According to OConnor (1997) EPT is a multi theoretical approach. It is not based on only one perspective. The main aim of the EPT is to promote the childs abilities in order to cope with their needs. The basic role of an EPT therapist is to replace the core beliefs of the child with a mathematical operation way. And also, the therapist tries to make the system to be more responsive to the requirements of the child. (OConnor, 1997)Caregiver-Toddler Play TherapyThis approach deals with disturbed relationship between the caregiver and the bambino. According to Schaefer Kelly-Zion (2008), the main goal is to improve this disturbed relationship with the play. There are three constituent in this approach. First, the therapist establishes a simultaneous relationship with the bambino and the caregiver. Second, the therapist is able to speak for the child and that supports the communication between the toddler and the caregiver. And third, the therapist guides to caregiver for teaching relational skills. In the beginning treatment, the therapist is very active, but then the caregiver is expected to be more active. (Schaefer Kelly-Zion, 2008)Sandplay TherapyIt is a Jungian version of Sandtray Therapy which is developed Dr. Margaret Lowenfield. A Jungian therapist, Dora Kaff, alter Sandtray Therapy to a Jungian perspective and she called this new version as Sandplay Therapy. According to Zhou (2009) this is an expressive therapy which is appropriate for all ages. This approach helps to emerge nonverbalized emotions. In this technique, children play with sand, water and little miniatures. The symbols in the play reflect personal and collective unconscious and with the help of the therapist the ego of the child is restr uctured (Zhou, 2009). completionIf we consider human life such as a edifice 0 to 3 years period correspond to foundation of it. And if this foundation is not strong enough this building encounters with the risk of falling down. Today, although tour approaches has already started to gain importance, in some cases, more serious interventions are needed. Child psychotherapies in 0 to 3 years of age group meet this need.The main goal of this paper was to mention different evacuant approaches which use in 0 to 3 years of age group. It is unachievable to mention all approaches therefore I have tried to describe most known and most effective approaches. However, psychotherapy world is not static, in time, different new approaches will emerge.

Non Verbal Communication: Bangladesh And Panama

Non Verbal Communication Bangladesh And navy manThis airfield was conducted to gain a give way understanding of bookmans in sec/ immaterial phrase stratumrooms in Bangladesh and boatman, and their consciousness ab surface Teacher-Student Interaction with Non-Verbal Communication in Bangladesh and Panama and focal bloting on the vastness and the favorable occasion in building student motif in Second/Foreign language schoolrooms. Since slope is a plump for language in Bangladesh and Panama, the conclusion im crash suggest how ingrained it is for instructors to be aw be of their gestural conference in schoolrooms to interact with the students in triggering their motivation.Chapter IINTRODUCTION incline is a global language and is recognized the key means of planetary dialogue. quartz glass (1997) and Nunan (2003) suggest that as a general consensus, slope has get down an international language, single that is widely usaged in higher education, business, technology, science and the internet.In Bangladesh and Panama, English is a plump for language for the majority of people, and t herefore it is central to consider both(prenominal)(prenominal) the command and belief of English in both nations then the conduct of this instruct. In Panama, Spanish is the formalised language, spoken by over 90% of Panamanians, but English is recognized as the official second language. Bengali is spoken by majority of the people in Bangladesh and English is the official second language. Since I had access to both countries during the authorship of this Thesis, it was possible to conduct a comparative study of the inform and discipline of English in both, despite the virtually cultural and linguistic differences, non to mention the vast geographic distance in the midst of the ii. It is hoped that the find outings of this study exit contribute to illustrate the importance of sign(a) converse in the teaching of English as a second language despite the differences between the peoples of the two nations. Rather than the differences, it is in fact the similarities that we sh be as earth which enable to a greater extent impelling means of teaching and find give awaying a strange language.In some(prenominal) countries around the world, the Communicative Language pedagogy (CTL) method has interpreted prominence for the pedagogy of learners of English as a second language. In Bangladesh, CTL has been emphasized since 1998 (Billah 2012), and since then, the teaching of English has continued to come al close this method to the extent possible. CTL emphasizes the importance of fundamental interaction as the means and the ultimate goal of teaching a external language this is in stark(prenominal) contrast to the much bookish methods of the past where printed literature and non- synergistic schoolroom statement were exclusively utilized to teach English. With the emphasis now given to CTL as an efficien t means of language teaching, a more interactive woo to the teaching of English as a second language has taken center stage globally.In second language carve uprooms, the instructor plays an substantial function in the achievement of successful learning. superstar of the close cardinal features of a language classroom is that the lesson is an argonna of merciful interaction with diverse soulalities, motives, and expectations at play. The learning atmosphere, aflame climate, group cohesion, and enjoyment of existenceness in the group ar fundamental issues for motivation. In order to achieve an interactive atmosphere, we emergency an ambiance and relations among individuals that promotes a desire for interaction (Rivers 1987). Further, Rivers (1987) nones that Interaction is an affective, fickle theme, non merely a dubiousness of some wholeness saying something to someone, stressing the importance of converting the classroom into real-life contexts where the clas s experience mimics reality.Communication flock be defined as the sharing of ones thoughts and emotions with others, either orally or signedly. Verbal communicating overwhelms spoken words and sounds, and the plenty and tone consumptiond to put forward them. In contrast, communicative chat is unspoken, and includes facial expressions, system fecess, gestures, observance of personal space, and pith receive (Wiki). In an era of communicative language teaching, interaction is, in fact, at the heart of talk it is what conference is all about (Brown, H.D. 1994). The question is how should one interact in the classroom as a instructor? What forms or means of interaction should one do to keep students actuate to continue the learning process? Verbal parleys argon containmingly utilized, with words carefully chosen by teachers so that students thunder mug fall in understand English. fair(a) non-verbal conference is equally Copernican and in classrooms we execut e to ignore this factor.Non-verbal communications play an of the essence(p) manipulation in interaction between a teacher and a student. In the classroom, a teacher and student, both consciously and subconsciously send and receive communicative cues some(prenominal) hundred beats a day (Billah). Teachers should be aware of gestural communication in the classroom for two basic reasons 1) to bring forth better receivers of students moments and, 2) to gain the ability to send plus signals that reinforce students learning. In the process, teachers at the same date belong more skilled at avoiding negative signals that stifle a students learning.This study go overs and compares the consciousness of students of two countries, on two distinguishable continents, to a teachers interaction done with(predicate) sign(a) communication during the learning of English as a second language. The goal is to highlight the importance of communicative communication and the critical qu ality it plays to motivate students as they pursue the learning of a second language, in this case, English.Research Questions and MethodsThe of import basis of this study started with class observation. After assessment of the observations made, an appropriate questionnaire was designed to curb my implication on the topic ending with teachers view on my topic.The aim of this study is to find out how conscious students are about teachers interaction through signed communication in second language classrooms at universities in Dhaka, Bangladesh versus Panama City, Panama, to identify the teachers most frequently engaged sign-language(a) behaviors, and to find out its division in motivating students.The paper go away similarly investigate teachers views on nonverbal communication in the classroom.The of import questions of guidance were as followsAre teachers in Bangladesh and Panama aware of their nonverbal behavior through interaction in their classrooms?Are students in Ba ngladesh and Panama aware of the types of nonverbal communication they receive from their teachers in classrooms?If yes, what type of nonverbal behaviors they equivalent to memorize in their teachers? What are the most go ford ones?How meaningful is the role of teachers-student interaction through nonverbal communication? This leave alone conciliate whether both teachers and students commemorate that nonverbal communication affects interaction. If so, how does nonverbal communication affect student motivation? The opinion of students was assessed through Questionnaire.Is nonverbal communication playing a significant role in our classrooms as it is claimed internationally? This will determine whether teachers from both countries, Bangladesh and Panama, can identify the importance of nonverbal communication as headspring as the types of nonverbal behaviors they present in classrooms. It will also verify how the students react to certain types of nonverbal communication.How con scious should teachers be in their nonverbal behavior in Second/Foreign classroom? This will focus more on how teachers conceptualise of their personal performance in the classroom through nonverbal communication, how appropriate is the teacher in using system language, gesture, expressions etc., and how much students are affected by a teachers performance in the classroom.In what ways is Bangladesh and Panama similar and/or different in usage of nonverbal communication in classrooms?How does nonverbal communication express cultural values?What suggestions can be wind for Academia?Chapter II literary works REVIEWThis chapter will deal with the definition and major components of nonverbal communication. It will also discuss the importance of teacher-student interaction through nonverbal communication which ultimately triggers the motivation to learn.(2.1) gestural CommunicationEducators, psychologists, anthropologists and sociologists define body language or nonverbal communicati on as communication without words. It includes overt behaviors much(prenominal) as facial expressions, ticker run across, touching and tone of fathom. It can also be less obvious, however, as through dress, posture and spatial distance. The most effective communication occurs when verbal and nonverbal messages are in sync, creating communication synergy (Wiki). A teacher can bring in imperative reinforcement through the usage of body language in second language classrooms. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Mae West both understand the importance of body language. The allege tale body is all tongues, Emerson once state, plot West resplendently quoted, I speak two languages, body and English. It is just as important for teachers to be honest nonverbal communication senders as it is for them to be good receivers (students). Teachers express enthusiasm, warmth, assertiveness, confidence and displeasure through facial expressions, vocal intonation, gestures and utilization of space etc. However, when teachers exhibit verbal messages that conflict with nonverbal messages, students hold out conf recitationd, which in turn can affect their interaction hence, motivation.How does a teacher keep students make to learn a second language? In an predilectionl classroom, students pay attention, ask questions and want to learn. They do their assignments without complaint and study without being forced to do so. However, oftentimes this is not the reality. A teacher constantly has to work to motivate or keep students triggered to do their work. whiz much(prenominal) factor is non-verbal communication, which plays a role in triggering motivation so that students are not forced but rather feel streame try outd they want to learn. For instance, Morgan (1997) achieved a high level of motivation in the teaching of intonation by bringing in the learners social and cultural attitudes.The main types of nonverbal communication rehearsed by a teacher to interact in classrooms in foreign language are the Kinesics (the study of body language), the Vocalics (the study of the use of tone, pitch and volume of the voice), the Chronemics (the study of the use of time), the Oculesics (the study of the use of eyes), the Proxemics (the study of the use of spatial distance), and the Haptics (the study of the use of touch). YOU bring TO CITE THE LITERARTURE WHERE YOU GOT THIS INFORMATIONIT IS NOT YOUR ORIGINAL shape The focus will be on the first five categories of nonverbal communication and lastly interchange on use of Haptics will be mentioned separately.Emphasis on teachers nonverbal resolutions leases to reinforce in classroom processes for three specific areas. First, nonverbal communication can be used to reinforce cognitive learning. Second, nonverbal communication reinforces emotional connections between the student and the teacher. Finally, nonverbal communication sets an organisational tone for the classroom-i.e. with respect to the counsel of the cla ssroom. The use of non-verbal communication in the management of the classroom has implications for how conflict can be managed. The focus of this paper will be solely on the observation and brush ups of students. It will focus on the types of nonverbal communication that can be used to motivate students in second/foreign language classrooms in Bangladesh and Panama.My research will stomach on the use of body language, gestures, use of tone and pitch, use of eye-contact, and use of spatial distance. These are the factors that I observed in both the countries and recall will validate my hypo thesis.(2.2) Significance of Nonverbal CommunicationThe classroom is a setting where a great deal of nonverbal communication (ex through behavior) takes place (Galloway, 1979 Smith, 1979 Thompson, 1973 Woolfolk Brooks, 1985). Acceptance and understanding of ideas and feelings by teacher and student, encouraging and criticizing, hush up and questioning are all manifested through communicatio n of nonverbal behaviors. What does classroom teaching arrive to do with communication in general and nonverbal communication in particular? Most educators would probably contrive an nimble response to only the first part of the question. From his anthropological perspective, Montagu (1967) stated that the main purpose of education is to teach the art of communication since the child learns to become human through communication. Most of us would agree that the nonverbal is an requirement part of their communicative act. Victoria (1970) commented further The process of education essentially is a communication process, not only in that sense of sire knowledge, but more particularly as it relates to interpersonal communication behaviors. Accordingly, the teaching process may be described as an interactive campaign of information or communications which proceedss consecutively in the processing of the information, decision-making, and learning which may be cognitive, affective, or psychomotor in constitution. Because of the central role played by communication in educational normal, several writers have suggested that communication skills be taught to students or teachers and that nonverbal training be an essential part of this instruction (e.g., Gray, 1973 Hennings, 1975 Rezmierski, 1974). Similarly, Victoria (1971) proposed that teachers should study qualitative aspects of the affective earthly concern so as to better understand students. The latter suggestion analysems most appropriate in view of Davitzs (1964) pioneering work which demonstrated that emotional meanings could be communicated accurately in a variety of nonverbal media and that nonverbal emotional communication is a abiding, measurable phenomenon. AGAIN, I DONT THIS SECTION IS YOUR ORIGINAL WORK CITE YOUR SOURCES THE FLOW OF THE WRITING DOES NOT SEEM IT IS YOUR OWN.The need to go teachers explicitly aware of nonverbal facets of communication has been stressed by a number of resear chers (e.g, Galloway, Koch, Montag Ostler Kranz). In part, these declarations seem to be reactions against the usual emphasis on verbal classroom processes and the almost total neglect of ever-present nonverbal behaviors. It has been reported often that teachers talk too much and that classroom teaching conforms to the rule of two-thirds (i.e., someone is talking for two-thirds of the total class time and two-thirds of that talking is done by the teacher). However, whether teachers are talking or not, they are always communicating. Their actions, gestures, tones of voice, dress and other artifacts, and even their ages and physiques are continuously communicating something to the students. In like manner, students are continuously communicating with their teachers, a point too often missed by teachers relying solely on the verbal message for informational purposes.Hopkins (1974) assemble that teachers with a more positive view of human race used nonverbal communicative acts which boost student engagement in classroom interaction, while teachers with a negative view of humanity tended to use nonverbal communicative acts which discouraged student involvement. In summary, the significant role played by nonverbal communication in classroom processes has been emphasized. The descent has been made that interaction (communication) underlies teaching, that the nonverbal domain is an essential part of communication, and that m both teachers display too little awareness of nonverbal behavior in their teaching practice.(2.3) Importance of Teacher-Student InteractionIn order to succeed, the teacher has to be a more interactive approach in the classroom. For instance, concord to Prodromou (1991), a good teacher, among other qualities, is someone who is friendly, one of the students, and genuine in dialogues. She/he tries to communicate, opines in students, makes students believe in themselves, asks for student opinions, does the lesson together, and talks about hi s/her life. One such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) factor is the level of course interaction. Laurillard, a theorist (1997) suggested that student-teacher interaction is a key component in academic learning.The study of nonverbal communication indicates that the teacher brings more to the classroom than knowledge of subject matter and verbal fluency. Birdwhistell has tried to codify the language of body expression. In his celebrated work on body language he stated, There is a language of body expression and motion which is as ordered and integrated as the language we speak. Like the language we speak it is made up in pieces of structure which can be assembled to form orderly sequences of message material which others trained in the same code can show and respond to in kind. Like Birdwhistell, almost all eminent linguists believe that the success of both the student and the teacher depend upon the effective communication between them in the class. That is through interaction. Stevick (1982) points out that the body language of the teacher is the most important thing in the class. Addressing the teacher community he wrote, it is the way you use your eyes, the distance you stand from your students, the way you touch or refrain from touching them-all of these unnoticeable things in the class carry important signals which create a profound effect on your students feelings of welcome and comfortableness with you. Balzer, in his research on classroom communication, reported that approximately 75% of classroom management behavior was nonverbal. Similarly, Smith noted that teachers nonverbal behaviors are for students the signs of the psychological state of the teacher and so should not be taken lightly. Galloway (1980) believed that the use of paralanguage in the classroom encourages the speakers and consequently the people in the classroom will show increased desire to transmit a message and will thitherby hold the listeners attention better.(2.4) Teacher-St udent Interaction through Nonverbal Communication to Trigger MotivationThe study of the nonverbal communication of the teacher is to be more important (in the classroom) due to three reasons according to Kristin Hammond. First, the teacher acts as an artist whose performance in the classroom is commonly observed minutely by his/her audience (the students). If his/her body language is positive the students enjoy the lecture and consequently retain and remember most part of it. On the other hand, if the body language of the teacher is negative the students do not enjoy the classroom experience and feel discomfort discomfort and lose most of the lecture taught. Secondly, the function of nonverbal communication is to tack on the verbal messages (of the speaker) by repetition, substitution, complementation and regulation. If the nonverbal signals of the resource person (the Teacher) are appropriate the student gets maximum benefit from the lecture but if the nonverbal cues are contra dictory the students usually get confused and in some situations are completely lost. Thirdly, a teacher is a role case (of the target language) for many students and they try to copy his/her body language, as there is no native speaker model available in many Bangladesh and Panama universities. It is motivation that produces effective second language communicators by lay in them the seeds of self-confidence. Therefore, the nonverbal communication of the teacher in these universities is more important for motivating the second language learners.Chapter IIICOUNTRY AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES(3.1) Bangladesh surveyIn Bangladesh, the importance of English language is growing day by day. Students who spend four social classs in university need to learn English to enhance their career for the future. With the growing population, English is becoming more demanding than ever. We can see, in businesses, hospitals, buying house, corporate world and in education, English is needed. We see m any institutions where classes are provided for those who are working to enhance their English instruct center to learn English is growing by the number and we see training seminars for teachers to become better in their teaching. The growing number of mystical universities is making it necessary to learn English.But, the question remains, How do we motivate students to learn English? What elements enhance students performance? By keeping these questions in mind, teachers nonverbal communication during interaction with students plays an important role in second/foreign language classrooms. The lack of nonverbal communication is making interaction between teacher and student difficult. Students tend to take the classes lightly and later in the long run have to take more classes for their careers to learn English properly hence their communication lacks the necessary expression or voice in them.(3.2) Panama PerspectivePanama is a country where 95% of the population speaks Spanish. L ike Bangladesh, English is a second language here as well. The university has extended English classes for the students where most of the teachers are natives.In Panama, teachers recoil on verbal communication more than nonverbal as well. But students are affected by the paralanguage in the classroom, hence toping in lack of interest in the classes which affects them later on. As a teacher, the need of the understanding and usage of nonverbal is vital in keeping students do in the classroom because majority of the students in Panama come from a Spanish background. Their language has very few words which are interchanged with English words. In contrast, in Bangladesh, English words in Bangladesh, words like card, office, school, class, and many more are used by almost 98% of the population. So English words are perhaps more foreign to native Spanish speakers than they may be to native Bengali speakers. The need to understand students perception of teachers nonverbal communication in classroom in this instance is even more paramount.Chapter IVDATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS(4.1) Universities in BangladeshClass Observation Two classes were observed before press outing the survey to the students. Based on my observations, I decided to concentrate on the nonverbal communication used by teachers. The major goal of this survey is to determine how conscious students are about the interaction between teacher and student through nonverbal communication in the classroom.The reexamine The questionnaire composed of two parts where both parts involve about nonverbalcommunication of the teachers but there were two main differences.First, in the first pickax there were four choices (a) tout ensemble Agree, (b) True up to some extent, (c) Totally Disagree and (d) I dont know. The students have to select one of them and this way we will understand how conscious students are about their teachers nonverbal interaction. Secondly, the first circumstances generally asked about th e liking of the students which was directly linked to students motivation and involvement in the class. In the second part of the questionnaire the queries were directly related to the retention of the lectures with the nonverbal communication of their teachers. The second survey provides only two options of Yes and No and in this way the assessment will be definite.Later, both of them were unite to provide a coherent result of the findings. The results are as followsBangladesh Participants The questionnaires were distributed among American multinational University students and Stamford University students, 15 students from each university participated in filling out the questionnaires. The intact 30 participants native language is Bengali and it consisted of 19 males and 11 females. The response of students to a teachers use of body language and gestures is summarized in Table 1.The to a higher place information shows that students at universities in Bangladesh are aware of no nverbal communication in their classrooms. The assessment clearly shows that 18 out of 30 students at the two universities, which results in an average of 60% of the students, feel strongly motivated when teachers nod their head in class. The remaining 12 students, or 40%, responded that it was aline to some extent that the teachers head nod results in motivation. This data is represented in Figure 1.21 out of 30 students concur that teachers who smile at their students in the classroom encourage them to be positive(p) in their class, averaging at 70%, while the remaining 9 student, or 30%, answered that this was avowedly to a some extent. Figure 2 summarizes this finding.A teachers happy mood creates a good atmosphere in second language classroom with a high percentage from both the universities, where 27 out of 30 students answered Totally Agree in the survey, averaging at 90%, while the remaining 10% answered true to some extent. This proves the point that amongst students a t universities in Bangladesh, non-motivation results when a teacher does not enter the classroom with a good mood. See Figure 3 for a graphical bureau of this data.Finally, a teachers raised dactyl embarrasses students in Bangladesh, where 23 out of 30 students, averaging at 78% conveyed that their level of confidence goes down when teachers raise their finger while asking them a question, Figure 4.The students response to the use of different supra segmental features of language such as pitch, tone, rhythm and volume by the teacher is summarized in Table 2.In both universities in Bangladesh, 27 out of 30 students with an average of 90% survey result shows that monotonous tone creates boredom in classroom and 3 students answered true to some extent with an average of 10%, Figure 5.20 out of 30 students with an average of 66% totally concur to the question that pas seul is tone, pitch and volume is liked, while 10 students, or 34%, answered true to some extent, Figure 6. The stu dents response about the use of time by their teachers is shown in Figure 7.The result of this question shows that, 23 out of 30 students averaging at 77% of the students in Bangladesh in University take teachers casually if they are not regular in their classroom. As teachers for second language learner, one moldiness remember that English is a second language for the students and if the teachers are not motivated to be regular in their classes students will not be either. Second, 14 out of 30 students with an average of 47% answered that they look at their wrist watches if a teacher takes over-time in the classroom.The students response about the use of eye contact of their teachers is shown in Figure 8.The above result shows that, 25 out of 30 students with an average of 83% of the students feel encouraged when teachers use eye-contact. Visual contact with the instructor appears related to students comprehension. Furthermore, visual contact with the instructor increases attentive ness, which in turn triggers motivation. Second, 18 out of 30 students said that cold stares embarrass students with an average of 60%.The students response about the deceasement of their teachers in a classroom is shown in Figure 9.The result shows that 23 students totally agreed upon with an average of 78% that the students in Bangladesh feel teachers trendment in the classroom keep them alert, which shows that students are affected by teachers use of space. Whereas, around 21 out of 30 students agreed with an average of 70% that teacher standing still creates laziness in students.Data abstract The above findings clearly state that our students in second language classrooms are conscious about teachers nonverbal communication used to interact, which triggers motivation. Smiling and nodding head in a classroom plays a vital role in universities in Bangladesh when interacting with students because the most dominant and reliable features of the face provide a constant channel of c ommunication. They received high percentage of 60% and 90%. That is why when teachers interact there face provides shifty and equivocal convey hate, fear, and guilt or express confidence, and support.90% of the student agreed that by using a dull tone in the classrooms, students signify that the teacher is tired or boring. But as teachers of second language, one must remember that we are providing a class time of 75 minutes and within that time frame a teacher must provide an interactive speech where students will be encouraged to convey their views and ideas about the topic.Eye behavior seems to be particular importance which resulted in 83% and it is used to indicate whether one is open to communication. This can be observed when a teacher asks the class a question students who think they know the answer will generally look at the teacher, while students who do not will usually try to avoid eye contact and in these cases cold stares must be avoided. Eye contact give provides a f eeling of confidence and assurance from teacher. Therefore, plays an important role in second language classrooms.In Bangladesh, sometimes classrooms are small. If the teacher wishes to dominate the interaction in the classroom, the traditional arrangement is probably the lift out because students are seated side by side and the primary focal point is the teacher thus, most interaction will go from teacher to student and from student to teacher. But in some cases, it is important to move around in the classroom to keep the attention of the students when teacher convey a message. 78% of the students feel that when a teacher moves in the classroom they feel motivated to listen.Lastly, a regular teacher is seen as a teacher who is passionate (about the course), prepared and is there for the students. 77% of the students agreed upon this factor. On the other hand, students start winning classes casually if the teacher is irregular and hence demotivation factor arises in second langua ge classrooms.Teachers view on Nonverbal Communication being used as a motivation in Bangladesh Two teachers from American International University and Stamford University participated in the interview questions.Theory of standardisation of Drugs Literature ReviewTheory of standardisation of Drugs Literature ReviewWho Hasnt tried At Least one?An investigation into formulaised amateur medicine use in the South West and whether legal controls act as an effective deterrence to iniquitous dose consumption.Literature reviewWhen considering the concepts of standardisation and inexpert medicate use, it is crucial to first establish what is here meant by these equipment casualty in actuality. Often the two phenomena are met with difficulties i(Parker, Aldridge and Measham 1998), difficulties which form in self-contradictory theories, what they are defined as and in which social environments they can be correctly used. The following review will be focusing on how historically, the concepts of standardisation and recreational medicate use have been adopted into hostel and to what extent they correlate with one another.Does normalisation simply mean normal?The first development of the term normalisation was uncovered in Denmark passim the 1950s, in order to create a normal financial support standard for individuals with forms of disabilities, disadvantages and those who were generally considered to protract a life in poor living conditions ii(Emerson, 1992). The concept came in form as the piece of Danish economy introduced by Niels Erik Bank-Mikkelsen called the iii1959 cordial Retardation Act, its political aims were to fundamentally change perspectives towards those with capable difficulties, hopefully resulting in the group becoming normalised and attaining the same community base rights as those without disabilities, such as work, clothing, housing and education. Since the concept was first pioneered in the 1950s, the term, after being transl ated into English by Dr. Bengt Nirje, has been widely adopted and revisited in many diverse fields of service, academia and literature but for the most part referred to as a principle and theory iv(Nirje 1969 vWolfensberger, 1972). Characteristically, normalisation refers to specific a group of individuals social behaviours (particularly abnormals), and those behaviours becoming a part of the wider societys social norms, which become as close to day to day conventional life as is possible, ranging from lifes rhythms and routines to economic and environmental standards (Nirje 1969 Parker,vi Williams, Aldridge 2002). After making an impact of American professionals, Dr. Wolfensberger introduced the practice of normalisation into the coupled States in 1970. Wolfenberger made the concept of normalisation into a social relation by pointing out its obvious connections with other social concepts such as the labelling theory, but he also recognised that in fact the differences within dis abled groups were still present despite the get through for social equality, this was later accepted by Emerson who pointed out that the concepts were transferable to any devalued social group or those at risk of being a devalued social group vii(Emerson and McGill, 1989). This then, as forwardly mentioned, allowed for other social sciences to adapt and investigate the theory in their specialised fields, where here specifically is relevant, Criminology and do drugss.Drug use The differences between recreation and addiction.Throughout the post-war decades there have been numerous drug epidemics, such as the speeding mods in the sixties to tripping hippies during the seventies through to a unseasoned wave of heroin users in the 1980s (Parker, Aldridge and Measham, 1998). Whilst all were thought of as a form of ephemeral drug taking, they were also known as behaviours found in the minority groups of the populations, and almost always referred to as deviant. But, a social change of m assive proportions emerged end-to-end the nineties that was unparalleled to the previous decades. The nineties saw an unprecedented surge in drug taking amongst more than just the minority groups, much more. In fact, the dramatic rise in drug trying was among those considered ordinary and conventional. (viiiAldridge, Parker and Measham, 1999 ixAshton and Camali, 1995).A significant control condition in the development of the theory known as the normalisation thesis is that of Howard Parker and Colleagues (1995). They suggest that the previous links between illicit drugs use and deviant behaviour no longer exist with regards to criminal offense. They argue that it has instead become a part of the meaning youth glossiness in the United Kingdom, which has essentially stemmed from our freedom of choices and consumerism/consumption habits. This evokes the idea that drug use is no longer problematic, but recreational. The central argument here is that globalization has created issues for a post- in advance(p)istic Britain in the form of an increased tolerance for drug use, which has been influenced by consumption. This meaning a basic phenomenon here of supply and demand, but of an illegal nature, the demand for drugs theoretically being higher due to perhaps more disposable income, contributed by the ease of accessibility and sale. Thus, the freedom of recreational drug consumption is inevitably begun. This specific literature is one that spurred and encouraged the idea for the research in this dissertation. Much like the thesis here, the research in this document adopts the same rationales or assumptions but with a specific focus on people between the ages of 18-45 whom reside in the South West. In Parker, Williams and Aldridge (2002) they measure sensible recreational drug use by adopting the normalisation theory. The research only includes specific drugs which are considered recreational. The research defines sensible drug use here by expressing that using sensibly does not include using drugs on a regular daily basis, as this can qualify, by definition, as addiction (Parker et al., 1998). They also specify that using a combination of any drugs at one given time does not equate to sensible either. The drugs that were included in this research were Cannabis, Ecstasy, Amphetamines and LSD. The study in this document will also include a measurement of recreational use of these specific drugs along with others, in order to identify of which is most common, what other drugs most users have tried, followed by an evaluation into their reasonings why, and further outline with regards to where the consumption takes place.As previously touched on, in Parker, Aldridge and Measham (1995) their investigation place the gradual progressive nature of drug use from the sixties, seventies and mid-eighties and how they differed from the nineties whereby the stereotypical drug user was no longer considered to be a part of a deviant subculture. Instead , they were found to be a part of mainstream youth culture that was said to be brought on by the shift in music at the time known as rave. The so-called dance music culture, inspired by DJs globally x(Forsyth, Barnard and McKeganey, 1997), became normalised throughout society, which encouraged youths to party hard and indulge in party experiences. The nature of their consumption pursuits untimately led to the introduction if many exciting and experience enhancing drugs, such as shipping xi(Pham and Puzantian, 2001). As is already known, since the nineties there has since been an current culture of drug use amongst not only youths, but Britons in general, which still closely relates to the unprecedented nineties but instead of it just being rave related, it is now related to any experience where drugs could be seen as an enhancement. The core objective of this study aims to evaluate these theorys, as to whether Britons are taking drugs recreationally to feel good/enhance experience s, with a focus on the South West.Due to the influx of drug use becoming more substantial than ever in British history during the nineties, 1996 saw the radix Office begin recording trends on the phenomenon through the execration Survey of England and Wales. In 1996, the percentages of drug users recorded amongst 16-24 year olds in the previous year, was an astound 30% that rose to 33% In 1999. This age group was well higher than the general population as a whole, which was recorded to be about 11% at the time. Since then though, the recorded figures show a relatively flat movement with no major rise or falls in percentages amongst the 16-59 age group. In comparison, the 16-24 age group figures have been dropping at a steady rate since 1996. However, 2013-2014 did see the disregard increase of 4% compared to the previous year, this figure has remained around the same in short as last historic period percentages being around 18%. The year 2015-2016 shows that 1 in 12 (8.4%) of adults aged 16-59 had taken a drug in the last year, which equates to around 2.7 million people. The proportion of adults ages 16-24 taking drugs in the last year more than doubled the proportion of the relative 16-59 group. in spite of the these disproportionate figures though, the Home Office Drug Misuse findings state that over the last five years there has been some fluctuation in this series, but is likely that the recent trend in drug use among 16 to 24 year olds is relatively flat. However, the long-term trend is downward(prenominal) the 2015/16 estimate is statistically significantly lower compared with 10 years ago (25.2% in the 2005/06 survey year) and with the start of the time series in 1996 (29.7%). These statistics essentially suggest a significant fall in most drug users. These figures, while they are dropping, are still considerably high. And so, the normalisation theory had been introduced, attempting to remove the stigmatism attached to untested people who take drugs recreationally and move away from the idea that they are deviants and/or involved in crimes. other objective of the research in this dissertation using survey depth psychology is to identify new people in the South Wests perceptions of drug use figures compared to actual figures, and whether they match what is going on. Do they feel as though recreational drug use is dropping, staying the same or increasing?In Muncie 1999, it is identified that trends in drug use have changed from the addiction of drugs such as cocaine and heroin, to more leisurely drugs used by the modern youths in leisurely activities, they include, alcohol, cannabis and ecstasy. Although being under the influence when taking these drugs which may lead to crime, this could be considered out of character, and not creating a crime orientated lifestyle which harder drugs and addiction may create such as heroin xii(Inciardi, 1979). An example could be the criminal behaviours that addiction to drug class A use rs may undergo such as theft, mugging, and burglary to fuel their habits and addictions xiii(Parker and Newcombe, 1987). However, when a young person leisurely uses recreational drugs such as ecstasy or cannabis, this does not necessarily result in in person to undergo criminal activities or offences. A clear activist for such statements is Professor David Nutt who was the chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, in 2009 however, xivThe commutative newspaper released an article stating that the professor was asked to resign because of his claims about illegal drugs such as ecstasy, LSD and cannabis being of less harm to human health than products legally available to the public like alcohol and tobacco.Although Parker et al. (1998) does not fully undertake postmodernism as structural inquality still exists, they believe that young peoples behaviour and choices have changed towards drugs due to a post-modern society that allows them to consume freely. For example, Mott and Mirrlees-Black (1993) found that the number of 16-19 year olds using cannabis more than doubled from 1983 to 1991. Normalisation has become an indicator of changes in social behaviour and cultural perspectives, meaning that the opinion about some illicit drugs has changed within the youth culture which in return affects their social behaviour as they do not think that using the drug is wrong or immoral. However, it could be argued that it is overgeneralizing to aim that all young people see drug use as normal, Dowds and Redfern (1994) found that approximately two-thirds of 12-15 year olds saw taking cannabis as a serious offense.Hunt and Stevens (2004) suggest that the government and media use drug normalisation as the proof for an increased disciplinary regulation and keep going policies as it is viewed to be a drug outbreak that needs to be broken or finished. For example, drug testing has been introduced in some schools to wait on prevent usage by young people (Craver, 200 4).Illicit drug use is frequently associated with the youth culture, Robson (1994) points out that the most common time for using or trying drugs is between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four. It is suggested that this is due to adolescents being the time of sampleation in many aspects of life which can lead to rebellion. Coleman (199213) suggests a psychoanalytical-theory of three main reasons why young people and drugs are linked together adolescence is a time of vulnerabilty as well as being impressionable, of rebellion and non-conformity and the need to be independant by disengaging from family relationships.These changes through adolescence support Colemans sociological theory that youth culture experiment in different social aspects of life, such as subcultures and trends or sexualities and in this case drugs. In relation to the normalisation theory, young people are able to experiment with drugs due to the wide availabilty of them as well as the access young people have to them due to people they know (Barton 2003).Referencesi Judith Aldridge, 1998. Illegal unfilled (Adolescence and Society). 1 Edition. Routledge.ii Emerson, E., Hastings, R. and McGill, P. (1994). Values, attitudes and service ideology. Severe Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviours, pp.209-231. Last Accessed 02/02/20127iii The Mental Retardation Act 1959.iv Bengt Nirje (1969). The Normalization Principle and its adult male Management Implications. The International Social Role Valorization Journal, Vol. 1(2) 1994v Wolfensberger, Wolf (1972) The Principle of Normalization in Human Services. Toronto, National Institute on Mental Retardation.vi Parker, H., Williams, L. and Aldridge, J. (2002). The Normalization of Sensible amateur Drug Use. British Sociological Association, online 36(4). addressable at http//journals.sagepub.com/inside/abs/10.1177/003803850203600408 Accessed 21 Mar. 2017.vii Emerson, E. and McGill, P. (1989). Normalization and Applied Behaviour Analysis Va lues and Technology in Services for People with Learning Difficulties. Behavioural Psychotherapy, online 17(02), p.101. operational at https//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioural-and-cognitive-psychotherapy/article/div-classtitlenormalization-and-applied-behaviour-analysis-values-and-technology-in-services-for-people-with-learning-difficultiesdiv/B8983BB5960551C5C256887B92289B64 Accessed 18 Mar. 2017.viii Aldridge, J., Parker, H. and Measham, F. (1999) Drug Trying and Drug Use crossways Adolescence. DPAS Paper 1, London Home Office.ix Ashton, C. and Kamali, F. (1995). Personality, lifestyles, alcohol and drug consumption in a sample of British medical students. Medical Education, online 29(3), pp.187-192. Available at http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1995.tb02828.x/abstract Accessed 21 Mar. 2017.x Ashton, C. and Kamali, F. (1995). Personality, lifestyles, alcohol and drug consumption in a sample of British medical students. Medical Education, online 29( 3), pp.187-192. Available at http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1995.tb02828.x/abstract Accessed 21 Mar. 2017.xi Pham, J. and Puzantian, T. (2001). Ecstasy Dangers and Controversies. Pharmacotherapy, online 21(12), pp.1561-1565. Available at http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1592/phco.21.20.1561.34474/abstract Accessed 23 Mar. 2017.xii Inciardi, J. (1979). Heroin Use and Street Crime. Crime Delinquency, online 25(3), pp.335-346. Available at http//journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001112877902500304 Accessed 23 Mar. 2017.xiii Parker, H. and Newcombe, R. (1987). Heroin Use and Acquisitive Crime in an English Community. The British Journal of Sociology, online 38(3), p.331. Available at http//www.jstor.org/stable/590692?seq=1page_scan_tab_contents Accessed 23 Mar. 2017.xiv Laurance, J. (2009). Sacked for telling the truth about drugs. The Independant. online Available at http//www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/sacked-ndash-for- telling-the-truth-about-drugs-1812255.html Accessed 23 Mar. 2017.

Textile Dyes Biosorption Using Dead Fungal Biomass Environmental Sciences Essay

Textile Dyes Biosorption Using Dead Fungal Biomass Environmental Sciences try outOver the past three decades or so the discovery and go on development of biosorption phenomena has gained momentum and has transformed the methods by the means of which drive out body of water effluent is treated to remove pollutants and recover valuable resources bequest in these sedimentary systems kindred discolours. Biosorption is becoming a promising alternative to replace or supplement the present dye remotion processes from textile in make cleanries effluent. This applied science has drawn the attention of industries as it is economically viable and environmentally friendly. The billet of scientific development of a technology can be reflected by means of analyses of the literatures pertaining to it, in this review, we qualitatively examine al or so all aspects of biosorption research d iodine research articles and disparate review papers. We go through basically foc rehearse on bio sorption of textile dyes using abruptly fungal biomass obtained from autoclaved or in worked up genus Aspergillus Niger. Materials implementd, methodologies utilize and data obtained has been assimilated from literature cited below. Finally, we summarized the primary(prenominal) considerations of the current research on biosorption, the results and conclusions obtained from the data, as head as the suggestions and our thoughts and ideas for its future directions.INTRODUCTIONRapid industrialization and urbanisation all over the globe has resulted in the generation of large quantities of aqueous effluents, m each of which contain last levels of toxic pollutants. Various physical, chemic substance and biological processes be being employed to remove pollutants from industrial wastelandwaters before boot out into the environment as in the case of treatment of adsorptive pollutants handle heavy metals and ionic dyes, however, most of the conventional treatment processes, esp ecially chemical precipitation, coagulation, activated carbons and the use of ion-exchange resins become less effective and more dearly-won when the adsorbates ar in a low concentration range and their high cost and low efficiency and lack of practicality catch limited their mercantile use in the field . Since any type of solid cloth has the ability to absorb pollutants to some degree, a number of industrial inorganic wastes, such as ash, or natural inorganic materials like clay, celluloid materials, as well as, upkeep or non invigoration biomass/biomaterials, piss been investigated as chintzy adsorbents capable of replacing the well-known, besides more expressive ones as their cost is low and efficiency is higher and the biosorbants can be regenerated, and the hatchway of dye retrieval succeeding(a) surface assimilation biomass-based adsorbents or biosorbents as they ar comm however called, are the most attr fighting(a) alternatives to physical and chemical processe s. The use of biosorbents for the removal of toxic pollutants or for the recovery of valuable resources from aqueous waste waters is one of the most recent developments in environmental or bioresource technology. Biosorption of dyes has become a popular environmentally driven research topic, and is one of the most sought afterward processes in the modern day where bioremediation is distinguish in preserving the environment for future generations. Bohumil Volesky, a pioneer in the field, specify biosorption as the property of real biomolecules (or types of biomass) to bind and concentrate selected ions or different molecules from aqueous solutions. Biosorption by dead biomass (or by some molecules and/or their expeditious groups) is passive and occurs primarily due to the affinity amid the biosorbent and adsorbate.Types of Biomass or Biomaterials Pollutants like metals and dyes can be removed by adsorption by living microorganisms, but can also be removed by dead biomass. Stu dies on practicality in the field for large-scale applications run through demonstrated that biosorptive processes using dead biomass is much more viable option than the processes that use living biomass, since the latter require a nutrient supply and complicated bioreactor systems. improver the use of dead biomass eliminates the maintenance of a healthy microbial population, and the other environmental factors like temperature and pH of the solution being treated. Dye recovery is also limited in living cells since these may be bounce intracellularly. accordingly keeping these factors in mind, attention has been foc utilise on the use of dead biomass as biosorbents. As mentioned above, dead biomass has advantages over living microorganisms. A hybrid process can also be employed which uses some(prenominal) dead and living biomass so as to increase the efficiency of biosorption. However, we have chosen to focus on single biosorption processes in this review and to bar discussion of hybrid processes combined with biosorption. The first major challenge face up is to select the most promising types of biomass from an extremely large pool of promptly available and inexpensive biomaterials. To streamline this when choosing biomass, for on field or industrial uses, the main factor to be taken into account is its availability and cheapness. thitherfore keeping these factors in mind, native biomass can come from (i) industrial wastes exhaust of charge (ii) organisms slowly obtainable in large amounts in personality and (iii) organisms that can be big(a) quickly and which can be well-behaved easily. A broad range of biomass types have been tested for their biosorptive capacities under mingled conditions at this point in time, but at that place are no limits to exploration of new biomass types having low cost and high efficiency. Biosorptive capacities of versatile biomass types have been quantitatively compared in many another(prenominal) review papers. Biosorbents primarily fall into the following categories bacteria, fungi, algae, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, natural residues, and other biomaterials. Quantitative comparison of the hundreds of biosorbents report thus far is not possible therefore data from various papers that have done these types of comparisons of biosorptive capacities of various biosorbents for various pollutants were utilize. It should be note that the biosorptive capacity of a certain type of biosorbent depends on its pretreatment methods, as well as, on experimental conditions like pH and temperature. When comparing biosorptive capacities of biosorbents we consider it for a target pollutant, therefore, the experimental data should be carefully considered in sluttish of these factors. after(prenominal) choosing a form of cheap and abundant biomass, the biosorbent capability for removing a target pollutant can be derived through simple chemical and/or physical method(s). New biosorbents can be m anipulated for better efficiency and for fourfold reuses to increase their economic attractiveness, compared with conventional adsorbents like ion-exchange resins or activated carbons. folkExamplesBacteriaGram-positive bacteria (Bacillussp. Corynebacteriumsp., and so on gram-negative bacteria(Es-che prolificia sp., Pseudomonas sp)cyanobacteria.AlgaeMicro-algae (Clorella sp., genus Chlamydomonas sp., etc) macro-algae (green seaweed (Enteromorpha sp.) brown seaweed (Sargassum sp.)and red seaweed )IndustrialWastesFermentation wastes, food/beverage wastes, activatedsludges, anaerobic sludges, etc.FungiMolds (Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp. Etc.) mushrooms (Agaricus sp., Trichaptum sp. Etc.)And Yeast.AgriculturalWastesFruit/vegetable wastes, sift straws, wheat bran,soybean hulls, etc.Natural residuesPlant residues, sawdust, tree barks, weeds, etc.OthersChitosan-driven materials, cellulose-driven materials,etc.Table 1 Different type of biosorbents.Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal by Bioso rbents There are many types of biosorbents derived from bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and algae (Table 1). The complex structure of these implies that there are many ways, by which these biosorbents remove various pollutants, but these are only to be fully understood. Thus, there are many chemical/operative groups that can attract and sequester pollutants, depending on the choice of biosorbent. These can harp of amide, amine, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, imine, imidazole, sulfonate, sulfhydryl, thioether, phenolic, phosphate, and phosphodiester groups. However, the presence of some functional groups does not guarantee successful biosorption of pollutants, as steric, conformational, or other barriers may also be present. The importance of any given group for biosorption of a certain pollutant by a certain biomass depends on various factors, including the number of reactive sites in the biosorbent, accessibility of the sites, chemical state of the sites (i.e. availability), and affinity between the sites and the particular pollutant of interest (i.e. binding strength). The arrest of the mechanisms by which biosorbents remove pollutants is very important for the development of biosorption processes for the concentration, removal, and recovery of the pollutants from aqueous solutions, also on the basis of these mechanisms modifications can be made on the biomass so as to increase the adsorption-desorption capacity of it. When the chemical or physiological reactions occurring during biosorption are known, the rate, quantity, and specializedity of the pollutant uptake can be manipulated through the specification and guard of process parameters. Biosorption of metals or dyes occurs mainly through interactions such as ion exchange, complexation, and adsorption by physical forces, precipitation and entrapment in inner spaces.Schematic plot for processing different Biosorption mechanismstypes of native biomass into biosorbents.Recovery and Regeneration One of the imp ortant reasons why biosorption is favoured over conventional processes is due to the recovery of pollutant from the biosorbent and simultaneous vicissitude of the biosorbent for reuse which makes it economically viable for industries. In fact, the usefulness of a specific biomass as a biosorbent depends not only on its biosorptive capacity, but also on the ease of its change and reuse. However, most researchers have tended to focus only on the biosorptive capacity of biosorbent tested, without consideration of the regeneration required for industrial applications. The adsorbate bound onto the surface of a biosorbent through metabolism-independent biosorption may be easily desorbed by simple non-destructive physical/chemical methods using chemical eluants, but intracellularly bound adsorbate through metabolism-dependent bioaccumulation can be only released by destructive methods like incineration or dissolution into unvoiced acids or alkalis. If cheap biomass is used as a biosorbe nt for recovering a certain pollutant, then(prenominal) destructive recovery would be economically feasible. However, most attention to reckon has focused on non-destructive desorption from the loaded biosorbent. For this reason, the choice between living or dead biomass systems is important because of the implication for recovery. In many cases, dilute mineral acids or alkalis allow efficient desorption from the biosorbent, but they also cause grievous structural damage to the biosorbent itself, resulting in a drop in the biosorptive capacity of the biosorbent following regeneration. Organic solvents such as ethanol can be also used for desorbing organic pollutants such as dyes from the biosorbent. Sometimes heat energy or microwaving can aid desorption with an eluant or mixture solution. As well, as previously mentioned, the solution pH will have a strong influence on biosorption of a target pollutant thus, simple manipulation of the pH of the desorbing solution should theoret ically be a good method for regeneration of the biosorbent and recovery of the pollutant.FUNDAMENTAL REVIEWHow is the textile effluents treated today?It is not easy to treat the effluents by the conventional biological and physico-chemical processes, e.g. light, heat, wash and oxidizing agents, used in regular treatment plants. That is because of the complexicity of the dyes aromatic molecular structures. Adsorption is the most helpful physical process in the treating these dye waste waters. forthwith activated carbon is normally used for adsorption in many treatment plants. But the producing costs for activated carbon is very high, there is a need of an alternative material that is more cost capable. A low costs adsorbent is defined as one which is rich in nature or one that is produces as a byproduct in another industry. There have been studies on lots of different natural materials as adsorbents in treating textile effluents, for example saw dust and agricultural wastes like whe at straw and corn cob. Now biosorption is investigated as a method to absorb the effluents and different organisms treating different kinds of dyes are tested. celluloid dyes are widely used in textile industries. As a result, about 10-20% of the dyes are lost during the built-up and dyeing process, producing large amounts of dye-containing wastewater. Mostly dyes used are azo, anthraquinone and triphenylmethane dyes, classes is based on its chromophore .The white rot fungi are known to be very efficient for azo dye decolorization as various Aspergillus species, have been reported to decolorize various dyes.Aspergillus nigerThe dye solution will be treated with inactivated Aspergillus niger. A. niger is a fungi which has already been used industrially in producing citric acid. citric acid used to be produced by extraction from lemons and other citrus tree fruits, but today microbial agitation is a broadly circulate technique and nearly all citric acid is produced this way. In thes e fermentation industries A. niger also comes out as a waste product which makes it suited for investigations of the biosorption ability. A. niger is a dark colored fungi (see Figure a and b) that could be seen at moldering food and is then called black mold. It is mostly fruits and vegetables that are touch by the mold, for example grape fruits, onions and peanuts. One should not forget when dealing with the fungi that it could cause fungus diseases on both humans and animals. Aspergillus niger is a common saprophytic fungus in terrestrial environments. If the cells of the fungi are active they are easily affected by toxic compounds and chemicals in the waste water and they may then pollute the environment by evacuant toxins or propagules.Figure a Aspergillus niger growing Figure b Onion with black moldon Czapek dox agar in a Petri dish.DyesOn the whole a large many number of dyes have been used by different researchers but it is not possible to present the data for all the dyes which were tested hence in this review we have concentrated on a few dyes which are most usually used by the textile industries.Direct dingy 199Acid Blue 29Basic Blue 9Dispersed red 1Table 2 Different types of dyes.Culture Conditions and Microorganism Aspergillus niger pellets were used to obtain the paramorphic forms of A. oryzae. Pure culture was maintained on nutrient sound off agar medium at 4C or were grown in potato-dextrose broth at pH 5.6, 29 1 C on the shaker . After seven days, when sporulation occurred, the biomass was autoclaved at 121 C, 103.42 kPa for 45 min in order to kill the fungal biomass (figure c). The biomass was separated by filtering the growth medium through Whatman No. 1 paper after washing the fungal biomasses it will dried at 80 C for 20 h. The quantification of fungal biomass was carried out using a linear calibration between volumes of fungal pelletized culture and its respective dry weight. The concentration embed may have suffered minor modific ations, consequently to the procedures made during its paramorphogenesis.Figure c Biosorbent powderedBiosorption ExperimentsExperiments were conducted 30 ml of the dye solution at an orbital shaking of 120 cycles/min. The temperature and pH conditions were varied for the different experiments The estimative biomass (autoclaved )for total removal of the dyes were calculated at three different pH values (2.50 4.50, and 6.50) After the selection of the better pH (2.50), the dye solutions were equipped with the same dye concentration. Therefore, the solutions were inoculated with A. niger pellets (mg mL1) getting through different biomass concentration. Samples were withdrawn at specify interval of time to monitor dye adsorption by UV-VIS (Scanning was performed between 300 and 800 nm) spectrophotometer at the absorbance maximum of the respective dye.

Consumer Behaviour in the UK Automotive Industry

Consumer Behaviour in the UK Automotive IndustryConsumer deport handst is accountent on few accompani handstors that extremity to be acquireed in every application. In the Automotive labor, in that location ar nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) intertwining situationors agnisen. The network as mavin beds surface has its importance in nearly every haoma of trade. Trade is line eithery leechlike on intercourse, and these geezerhood the mesh is considered to be the most(prenominal) important and reliable heart of talks for trade.In summate across of the Internet cosmos an important average d sensation which guests whitethorn be perishd with, client demeanour be go downs an important subject. observant node behaviour in the juvenile past, its spy that at that pop is vast scope for expanding the ego-propelling patience. This is beca hire at that place appears to be a break in reception from nodes by marrow of the Internet.Purchases of lay divu lges ar substanti entirelyy do and be believed to be considerably reliable. For purchasing vehicles, manize by dint of the Internet is the start quantity towards pulling in clients. Indeed, this beat is believed to be utile as on that omen atomic number 18 a egress of individuals who first see adds online, and then finalise to physic all in ally check a packaging egress. With the Internet growing much than and to a immenseer effect(prenominal) common in the UK, it is expected that in that respect will be much more(prenominal) than(prenominal) body run on the break of consumers, which mode that the self-propelling industry is going to do level(p) develop than it has in the past. instaurationThe atomic number 18a has r for each o look at a power point at which everything is close-knit. in that respect argon several bodies and structures that interact with each early(a) un social occasiond(a) that appear to be systematic. Globalization for l awsuit is roughthing has umpteen countries, systems and institutions operating together. to each atomic number 53 of the components in the globalisation process exists for its self and is self- fight offn, thus removed the system functions. In this regard, one might assert that grocery places of contrary types and sizes function in a similar air. The motive industry is an specimen with its visible forces.Consumers atomic number 18 actively parcelicipating in the industry activity, yield it an incr rest periodly workable one for tribe to invest in. The goods and ingatherings atomic number 18 inhabitn to be quite reliable with an immense come in raise them. In raw-fashioned old get on this has been the causa and in time to come its expected that on that point is going to be even more interest in the automotive industry.MethodologyThis paper includes beholds of the automotive industry and the communion processes involved. It exposes each part in cons iderable detail in sections. In doing so, it has man boardd to cover several aras of interest that explain consumer behaviour. In dampen to alike exhibit on an whim of what strategies organizations employ to advertize their profits, faux comp every has been included with intents that ar relevant tithe automotive industry. In take up of the strategies involved in this friendship ( pass discharge) one place up restrict how important intercourse is in the automotive industry.It is clear enough that the Internet is of awful nurture present, and it is for this causal agent that it is important to analyse its theatrical role. The weak as healthy as the toughened points ar exposed here, and one grass match these up a garnerst the ones occupied in deceases strategies. jibe to this, one push deflexion excessively assess how effective make passs strategies be and whether or non they argon supremacyful in the automotive industry. In considering the success of the strategies, it substantive as healthy be insist that it is believed that the strategies be successful considerably beca character of the success that automotive industry has had in recent clock. It is as well as hoped that strategies will likewise go on to be that amendd so that the industry does even better .DescriptionThe world charters with experience, scarcely sustenance in an image-conscious world whitethorn foresee one from learning by dint of with(predicate) and by his experiences. This is app atomic number 18ntly a dilemma considering the event that one stops in an age of post modernism a tier during which signs mask receivedity, and one is a push-down store deceived by means of image-promoting strategies. This is true to joint because of the occurrence that signs, logos and big name atomic number 18 directly common, and mountain atomic number 18 oft lured into believing the genuineness of antithetical harvest-feasts because of the promotions they drive shell.Consumer behaviour is considerably dependent on promotion of results the manner in which products be put upd immediately influences client behaviour. Each medium utilize for promotion has its own jar, and the one that is believed to fill a tremendous impact is the Internet.It is believed to encourage promotions and sales greatly, and it helps customers in their first step before real checking a car out. It is by means of the advertisements on line that they whitethorn be attracted and then move towards checking a vehicle out physically at a show room. It is this behaviour that has helped boost the automotive industry signifi dopetly. In incident it moldiness(prenominal) be assert that prior to globalization, consumer behaviour was observed as having a major effect on the aimment of nations. This is because it helps boost the economy internally as well as having its impact externally .Prior to the 1940s and mid-fifties, thither wa s no such aim because of the concomitant that in that location were galore(postnominal) problems that the argona was advent with internally. Socially there were different levels on which the UK had to bring the deal together. And whitethornhap during that time no one had come up with such an report to divert the attention of the hoi polloi, which occurred during the mid-fifties .From this era began to the shift towards an improved musical mode of life that would take the country into an entirely different era. This era straight away is called globalization, a phenomenon that brought many part of the world together through swift communication systems.Globalization has in occurrence resulted imputable to the situation that communication systems pose been boosted in recent years. This is in any case the reason why the position age that people live in is called the age of communication. books Re witnessThe expansion that has been witnessed immediately in organizatio nal structures an effect of globalization too because they be paste almost all over the world. As Organizations expand it is understood that they endure to face problems in cleverness. These problems guide to be handled carefully in a logical manner so that noneffervescent running of the organization flush toilet be restored to the way it was when it was located in its originating country. For this to be handled effectively, communication alike necessarily to be of the highest level.Problems in efficiency may emerge due to the leave out of communication or the lack of skills with newer personnel employed in the firm. This is because they are non cognisant of just now what the cultural atmosphere was at the original location of the firm. Since they constitute been saucily employed they are resound to face problems such as these. modify the drawship of an organization automatically content that operations will be handled well, which in turn elbow room that there wil l be monetary gain at the end. In access to this there wont be a deficit of executives if organizations indulge in setting up proper training plans for their gifted employees. These plans should be giveed two, at ingleside and abroad too so that uniformity is retained end-to-end the organization.It is besides meaty that trainers do non get polarized in any one location geographically speaking. They should be go awayed to exercise their skills and implement them wherever realistic. This intend that they will too gain maximum teaching experience which they john share with whoever the work with and teach. troika leadership techniques that deport been found to amplification the performance of an organizationAn in force(p) and lean organizationA natural endowment circumspection plan that focalizees on attracting and retaining high-performing individuals andA performance management schedule that rewards employees who meet set goals (Dorgan, Dowdy, 2002)From the above points one support see that the major problem that lies in organizations diffusion into an early(a)(prenominal) cultures is the internal conflict, and aside from the internal conflicts the trend of selling Ameri give the axe products abroad is one that is sponsor by the people of those cultures.It is the people that make this possible, as human beings are almost al shipway make believe for a change especially if it isnt going to harm them. evaluate new trends that are already in vogue in early(a) neighboring countries is something that further motivates people into puzzle UK products. However, this is not unaccompanied the case with receiving UK products in Asian countries .There is now more scope than there was ever before for products to be marketed. The market of goods across the globe is yet an extension of what took place in the 1950s. This may be said because of the occurrence that the effects of this process of globalization are almost the self similar(pr enominal) as what was seen in the United States during the 1950s. The process of people welcoming products that are brought nearer totem heralds the trust worthyy trend in globalization. This is the identical process that was seen during the 1950s when consumer behaviour was on the rise. This trend is extended to other places in the world today through globalization, which kernel that there are a entire lot more people aware of what is visible(prenominal) well-nigh the world. This as well as means that there is a lot more stuff for people to be engrossed in, which would further help people to be relieved of var. in their everyday lives. But it alike essential(prenominal) be cognise that there are other things to consider besides stress assuagement and extension of culture (Annesley,1998).It moldiness be realized here that there is an intense effort to control people economically through consumerism. During the 1950s this was seen as people bought what was advertised. confusablely, this is seen in many countries around the world that bribe American products.An Example of an Organization in the Automotive IndustryFor this section, a fictitious organization has been named, but contains info that is relevant to the automotive industry and present-day values.In contemporary times this may seem to be a problem, as one may not really know which product to trust and which will be dependable. As opposed to having to depend on picky publicizing to learn approximately products, people bring forth often employ other customer experiences as their guides. This means that people without experience of a particular product accept in fact waited for others to purchase it the observers its back and observes the performance and customer satisf exploit. If a product happens to converge a customer, others will certain as shooting be willing to use the same service providers. Hence, it can be seen here that disposition does matter to service providers an d customers.In entree to this, it must be famed that experience of customers can be use as a vital tool in promoting serve. This overshadows the uncertainty of that ad may often portray. Though advertising is an essential schema in promoting a product, it must be realized that there are several people that are not considerably persuade precisely through product video display and the like.In realize of this, customer testimonials are essential in proving authenticity of a product, as this proves how many customers obligate been satisfied and what customers confound to assert close. This is what many organizations are doing these days in severalize to boost their go. Indeed, expire is one of them crown is a locomote supplier, and bring home the bacons to a significant part of UKs market. In doing so, it look ats to quiet its customers of its service and dedication them all. sink is believed to be a credible motoring product and work supplier because of its reput ation its reputation is one that has been gained through reliability that customers defend experienced through time. In view of this, more and more customers have turned to top off serve, as they have been convinced by other customers experiences through time. However, it must be asseverate that an organization that operates as one of the biggest in the UK, cannot simply rely on tidings of mouth for gaining more handicraft or accommodateing its position in the market. thesis because of the fact that competition can easily overturn ones reputation. In view of this, trespass has to go on promoting itself and has to do so in a verifying manner by concentering on its strengths and either ameliorating or doing away with products and work that are not gaining headway.Currently with the reputation give-up the ghost has, it is the leader in the Upmarket, attending to one gazillion millions of customers. It has more than 12 million drivers depending on them, has around 3ergoca lciferol uniformed patrols on the job, and caters to 7.5 million calls every year. It is apparent that with this kind of water-loving activity in their telephone circuit that evanesce is number one. However, like any other organization that provides service and products, guide is not satisfied with what it is doing in the sense that it asks to lift serve that are viable and either do away with or improve the service and products that are less in demand.In doing this, they have an in revealigence of the market and what their probables are, and this lays the platform for elapse to piddle strategy in call of market and advertising a strategy that they and the customers too would gain from.* outdistance also has been on the risen terms of the customers that turn to them. this is a positive sign because the number that turn to their run and products each year. With selling more than 650,000 partition policies a year, something that they currently narrow down in, there is even more scope for improvement (Breakdown spinning top, 2005).According to the figure below, one can easily observe that breakdown is apparently the elementary source of income in make pass. There are other sources as well, but this is the most important one, and and so one that they are promoting. The important point to realize here is that outdo knows its strengths well due to the fact that they have kept close break on all the activity in the familiarity.They know their past well, they know what is going on at the moment, and they also know what their chances are in the market. In view of their emf difference being strongest as far as promoting breakdown operate, make it believes that its selling and advertising strategies are of immense importance, as it is through these tools that they can manage to accomplish a wider segment of the market. In view of the current invoke of personal matters in the market, the keep companying are worth noting.Product Holding ta wdrinessBreakdown (motoring) 2,300,000 Motor and mob insurance policy euchre, 000 Other financial work 45, 000 Breakdown and Insurance 600, 500 Breakdown and Financial Services 50, 000 Insurance and Financial Services 5, 500 Breakdown, Insurance and Financial 32, 000In create further strategies in point to improve outmatchs name and operate, it is worth for the most part putting together some of the features around which the company could work. Below are few points that help cay a picture of trespasss functions decease by is believed to spin more than just breakdown coverage it offers choke UK Breakdown CoverEXCEED 5 friend European Breakdown Cover bust the clock English skirt assistance.EXCEED Motor Insurance 8% discount on line.EXCEED Home Insurance They fish out a panel of insurers for their customers.EXCEED Car Data Check Recovers conceal history of a utilize car in case you motive to purchase itEXCEED fomite InspectionEXCEED buy the farm bookshop 18% off on line from the UKs largest provider of travel guides.EXCEED Driving School Nation-wide EXCEED approved instructorsDatabase Strategy through the InternetConsidering the fact that EXCEED has been portion around 14 million Pounds to promote their services, it appears that an portion promotion can be created. Generally, for this first step, around 40percent of the origin may be use. This is because a selective informationbase has to be established if any current one cannot be used for the proposed plan here.In access to this and withdraw interface has to go on with it, combined with special features that only allow input on the part of customers. In view of the services that are already being provided, EXCEED needs to hunting into customer needs. This search would have tube conducted through acquiring their run forback. It is obvious that asking each and every customer somewhat what they would like EXCEED to provide them would not be feasible it would be better for the customers to have access to EXCEED. This could be done through allowing customers to have access to an interface through which they could take to the woods in their remonstrates and recommendations online (Fill, 1999, 53-59).They would not need to have pass develops and things to that effect, as the feed in process could be made plain and simple for them. This could be carried out through creating some look of forum where customers can view other customers views as well, and thereby give them even better ideas to suggest. In entree to this, the service could have a feature that provides one access to feed in their views, but afterwards recording them, they cannot be deleted. In other words the program music director would only delete whatever is post in the forum. In this way, comments post would be safe (Yandi, 2001, 15-21).In sum total to an online provision, at results where EXCEED services are provided, the company could maintain on hand comment leaflets or even regist ers for comments.The leaflets would provide customers with the opportunity of plectrum in their comments dapple they are free. The registers would have to be filled in on the spot. The data from these registers could enter into another portion of the online database for comments and views. The leaflets when filled when the customers have time could be dropped off at any EXCEED outlet of services.The data from these could also be accumulated and fed into the database as well (Tapp, 2000, 22-34). In summing up to customers bill of fare their comments, it is also advisable for EXCEED to develop a means through which employees such as the patrolman could give their views and comments as well. With this type of feedback EXCEED would be able to determine to what extent each sides comments are practical. While the customers pauperization services to improve according to their convenience, EXCEED also has to look at the possible changes from the employees angle. This would help the man agement come up with ideas that would cope with the customers as well the employees in terms of easing their services to the customers (Tapp,2000, 22-34).In view of the management receiving all the comments through the database, the data needs to be sorted appropriately. Since it has all been collected under employee views and customer views, there is basically no real need to segregate the comments even further. However, theres need for better arrangement in the show of the collected comments. This refers to the placement of services throughout the country and where the comments have been received. This also means that in each comment entry, a customer has to state which part of the country s/he is in.Depending on whether there is commensurate services in particular areas or not, EXCEED can enhance its services. In addition to this, they can set to work on the pass services. Since it is the Breakdown services that EXCEED wishes to revolve about on according to the potential in the business, they need to construct the feedback system according to what has been described above. In view of such a database interface being constructed and implemented, it also facilitates customer comments after improvements in services have been made (Smith, 1998, 25-41).In view of the use of database, it must be asserted that the major cost of it is only in the initial stage. This is because once the databases frame-up it only has to be maintained and monitored.Direct Marketing Customers Program for existing customersIn the direct marketing step, it must be asserted that at least another 3.5 million 5 million might have to be invested out of the budget. This is because of the fact that EXCEED needs a stronger approach to its current customers EXCEED requires a more comprehensive set up with more communication employees in devote to realize its goal. Assuming the amount is invested, the followers course of action can be interpreted in order to develop direct marketing.Tho ugh EXCEED recognizes the fact that it has tremendous scope for improving the keep it has on the market and would certainly want more customers, they are wise in the sense that they acknowledge the value of their present customers they know that if they satisfy their customers their reputation will tarry as it was if not improve. In addition to this, it must be asserted that a company has better chances of maintaining constancy in all forms when it focuses on the market it has already captured. Maintaining current customers is essential in terms of financial stableness as well as customer loyalty.This is because the customers get to know that the company cares almost them through the services that it provides them with. EXCEED knows its products and its customers too, but they need to remain in occupy with them in order to make adjustments that the customers need. In view of this concern, the customers whole tone that the company cares about them EXCEED needs to make the custo mers sense of smell this way in order to make sure that the customers dont savour delinquent or stuck with a product. Hence, there is a need to make sure that each and every customer is aware of the fact that they can tell with EXCEED directly (Evans et al,2004, 43-44).In view of the direct communication that is a major part of promotional strategy today, it must be asserted that EXCEED needs to communicate with its customers today as much as possible. In order to communicate with them they can have in place customer relation officers.These officers are in charge of remaining in touch with current customers. Indeed, there are many of these officers employed because of the fact that there are also many customers that have to be dealt with. It is not an easy process but certainly is one that is necessary (Pickton, 2001, 64-67).Considering the means of communications used, e- situation, environ, fax,etc. are the normally used ones. Postal mail is also used as a means of fill. Ho wever, emailing and telephone contact are most commonly used. Similar to the communication process that communication officers use to stay in touch with current customers, it also must be asserted that customers use the same means as well.In fact, they may even be old(prenominal) with the communication officers who deal with them. This gives one an idea of how the direct communication process works and how effective it is. Certainly, if a customer becomes familiar enough to know a communication officers name, it is obvious that the communication process used is effective enough to get desired messages through (Smith, 1998, 25-41).In view of the effectivity of the communication proves, it is clear that product promotion can be enhanced. solely the communication officers have to do is follow the instructions of the product and tell the customer about it. In addition to this, they can supply them with ways and means of acquiring hold of the products. Regarding the communication proc ess being simple, it certainly is, but when one has to focus of the breakdown of it all, it gets a little tedious. This is because of the fact that one needs to know the market well, and see who is interested more in the products and services that EXCEED provides.In view of this, there are few factors that have to be taken into consideration. These include age, gender, ones credit line, lifestyle,etc. Though most people who use EXCEEDs services would want to know more about the products and services the company has to offer it must be asserted that seek into the current customer behaviour reveals that there are particular groups that are more volatile and more viable to work with.This is why communication officers may work more with some customers and less with others. This is not seen as being prejudiced in any way, but it is true to say that the process takes into consideration customer behaviour, and since EXCEED is dealing with millions of customers they need to focus on the ones that they need to build and maintain relationship with. This is precisely what boosts customer loyalty. As far as the customers that are not communicated fixly with, it must be asserted that they are also important customers but they are ones that are easily satisfied with the services they get.In view of the particular factors that are taken into consideration, it must be asserted that in the UK, both men and women are users of EXCEED services, especially breakdown services. While men are static more liable(predicate) to be customers, younger age groups are almost even. Older men are more seeming than older women to travel long distances, while older women are distillery apparent to be drive and use EXCEED services.As far as ones occupation is concerned, both men and women are likely to be service holders of EXCEED because of the fact that they are compelled to drive around. Lifestyle is another thing that is taken into consideration. Again men and women are both likely to use EXCEED services, but the younger they are the less likely they are to have EXCEED services.In view of some people not having EXCEED services, they can be targeted through the marketing strategy current customers could be used to spread the word around. However, the more important point to focus on includes the need to market EXCEED more to people that have already used EXCEED services. If they have not been using the services recently, they can be contacted and reminded of their expire membership. In view of communication methods that need to be used, email and telephone is most commonly used.Almost all people have an respond machine on at home and a message would be easy to leave for the. Those that have kiosk phones could either be called or a message or mail could be sent to them. Emailing is common, and for those that use Internet facilities commonly can be easily contacted through it. In view of each customers profile, various ways of getting in touch with him or her need to be mentioned(Brierly, 2002, 27-29).Customers may be asked on order forms how they might be contacted these details are noted down in order to make sure the more appropriate means of contacting a customer may be used. In addition to the communication means mentioned above, EXCEED could also promote its products and services through alternative means. This would include promoting products through magazines, television system, periodicals, communicate, and the Internet.This stringently refers to advertisements that are not personal, as they are opposed to emailing or telephoning a person. Though advertising in the ways mentioned here is quite effective, it must be asserted that it is not the kind that would stimulate the customers emotions.Customers need to be contacted directly when they are or have been regular customers of EXCEED or any other company it makes them feel valued, and once more here it must be emphasized that the value of these feelings are all-important(a) to maintain EXCEED services as they currently are whirl incentives is important whether communication officers use direct contact of advertising strategies (Percy et al, 2001, 18-28).The dissimilarity is that when customers are contacted directly and told about the promotion they feel more valued.What EXCEED could do is circulate entropy about a new product among their current customers they could tell them all the important details about it. At a later date, the product selective information could be revealed to the general public through advertising in magazines, one the Internet, etc.Since the regular customers would have already gotten the information first, they would feel more appreciated and valued. These are the kinds of techniques that could be used current customers as opposed to potential customers because it is the current customer that comes first. This is because of the fact that EXCEED needs to make sure its reputation and business stand as it is and not be lowere d.Acquisition Strategy for new CustomersFor this part of the promotional plan, EXCEED is left with a minimum of 3million Pounds. This means that pecuniary resource might still fall short because television and intercommunicate promotion in addition to other forms will have to be used here. However, since television and tuner communications might be used in the previous step, promoting products for newer customers could also be included. This would help except great deal of the funding, thereby allowing the whole promotional plant be implemented. The following includes how EXCEED might implement their plan to include new customers with the silver in hand.Since EXCEED has already discovered the market and are aware of the immense potential that lies ahead, they can implement a strategy that would cater to potential customers regarding Motoring Services, Financial Services and Travel Services. Random marketing strategies could be easily employed. It must be asserted that advertis ing through the Internet, magazines, radio and television are all appropriate means. In view of the cost factor here, hold back advertising through television could be implemented in order to fit the budget given. Advertising through the print media is considered to be more feasible.This is because EXCEED could have their advertisements placed in periodicals or magazines that are associated with motor companies(Yandi, 2001, 15-21). So when customers purchase cars or go through magazines that have information on particular cars, it is most likely that they would come across the advertisement. As far as motoring services are concerned, this is an appropriate means to advertise.However, as far as financial services are concerned, it would not work. EXCEED needs to target its potential market, regarding financial services, through a means that would create more chances of potential customers viewing the advertisement. When it comes to financial services, it is better to place ads on te levision and radio along with other products of EXCEED. In addition to this, it also must be asserted that advertisements for financial services must be places in magazines where financial services are offered for cogitate products.This is believed to boost the chances of a companys product getting a response (Brierly, 2002, 27-29).Concerning Travel services, it must be noted that EXCEED could advertise through television and radio along with its other products. This would save them spending excess funds on separate advertisements. However, the main advertising for travel services would have to be done through travel guides. Just like other agencies and organizations advertise EXCEED too can do the same. the advantage is that EXCEED would probably be recognized through its name from other services and products it provides. In view of this, it must be asserted that there is also the reputation of EXCEED that can be taken into consideration(Brierly, 2002, 27-29).It must be considered that EXCEED is a company that already has many customers that it looks after and mud in contact with. Through this contact as well, services and products can be enhanced. This is a process that could therefore save some of the funds put towards promotional strategies. However, it is also worth considering whether it would actually be equal to advertise through customers that are regular.This is because of the fact that some customers might feel that they are really being used to promote a company free of cost. OtConsumer Behaviour in the UK Automotive IndustryConsumer Behaviour in the UK Automotive IndustryConsumer behaviour is dependent on few factors that need to be considered in any industry. In the Automotive industry, there are several intertwining factors known. The Internet as one knows well has its importance in nearly every form of trade. Trade is directly dependent on communication, and these days the Internet is considered to be the most important and reliable means of communications for trade.In view of the Internet being an important medium through which customers may be communicated with, customer behaviour becomes an important subject. Observing customer behaviour in the recent past, its observed that there is immense scope for expanding the automotive industry. This is because there appears to be a better response from customers through the Internet.Purchases of parts are easily made and are believed to be considerably reliable. For purchasing vehicles, advertising through the Internet is the first step towards pulling in customers. Indeed, this step is believed to be effective as there are a number of individuals who first see adds online, and then decide to physically check a promotion out. With the Internet growing more and more common in the UK, it is expected that there will be much more activity on the part of consumers, which means that the automotive industry is going to do even better than it has in the past.IntroductionThe world ha s reached a stage at which everything is close-knit. There are several bodies and structures that interact with each other that appear to be systematic. Globalization for instance is something has many countries, organizations and institutions operating together. Each of the components in the globalization process exists for its self and is self-driven, yet the system functions. In this regard, one might assert that markets of different types and sizes function in a similar manner. The motive industry is an example with its visible effects.Consumers are actively participating in the industry activity, making it an increasingly viable one for people to invest in. The services and products are known to be quite reliable with an immense amount interesting them. In recent years this has been the case and in time to come its expected that there is going to be even more interest in the automotive industry.MethodologyThis paper includes views of the automotive industry and the communicatio n processes involved. It exposes each part in considerable detail in sections. In doing so, it has managed to cover several areas of interest that explain consumer behaviour. In order to also give on an idea of what strategies organizations employ to boost their profits, fictitious company has been included with figures that are relevant tithe automotive industry. In view of the strategies involved in this company (EXCEED) one can determine how important communication is in the automotive industry.It is clear enough that the Internet is of tremendous value here, and it is for this reason that it is important to analyse its use. The weak as well as the strong points are exposed here, and one can match these up against the ones employed in EXCEEDs strategies. According to this, one can also assess how effective EXCEEDs strategies are and whether or not they are successful in the automotive industry. In considering the success of the strategies, it must also be asserted that it is beli eved that the strategies are successful considerably because of the success that automotive industry has had in recent times. It is also hoped that strategies will also go on to be further improved so that the industry does even better .DescriptionThe world learns through experience, but living in an image-conscious world may prevent one from learning through his experiences. This is apparently a dilemma considering the fact that one lives in an age of post modernism a stage during which signs mask reality, and one is often deceived through image-promoting strategies. This is true to say because of the fact that signs, logos and big names are now common, and people are often lured into believing the authenticity of different products because of the promotions they have.Consumer behaviour is considerably dependent on promotion of products the manner in which products are promoted directly influences customer behaviour. Each medium used for promotion has its own impact, and the one th at is believed to have a tremendous impact is the Internet.It is believed to boost promotions and sales greatly, and it helps customers in their first step before actually checking a car out. It is through the advertisements on line that they may be attracted and then move towards checking a vehicle out physically at a show room. It is this behaviour that has helped boost the automotive industry significantly. In fact it must be asserted that prior to globalization, consumer behaviour was observed as having a major effect on the development of nations. This is because it helps boost the economy internally as well as having its impact externally .Prior to the 1940s and 1950s, there was no such aim because of the fact that there were many problems that the country was faced with internally. Socially there were different levels on which the UK had to bring the people together. And perhaps during that time no one had come up with such an idea to divert the attention of the people, which occurred during the 1950s .From this era began to the shift towards an improved way of life that would take the country into an entirely different era. This era today is called globalization, a phenomenon that brought many parts of the world together through faster communication systems.Globalization has in fact resulted due to the fact that communication systems have been boosted in recent years. This is also the reason why the present age that people live in is called the age of communication.Literature ReviewThe expansion that has been witnessed today in organizational structures an effect of globalization too because they are spreading almost all over the world. As Organizations expand it is understood that they tend to face problems in efficiency. These problems need to be handled carefully in a logical manner so that smooth running of the organization can be restored to the way it was when it was located in its originating country. For this to be handled effectively, communic ation also needs to be of the highest level.Problems in efficiency may emerge due to the lack of communication or the lack of skills with newer personnel employed in the firm. This is because they are not aware of exactly what the cultural atmosphere was at the original location of the firm. Since they have been newly employed they are bound to face problems such as these.Strengthening the leadership of an organization automatically means that operations will be handled well, which in turn means that there will be financial gain at the end. In addition to this there wont be a shortage of executives if organizations indulge in setting up proper training plans for their apt employees. These plans should be implemented both, at home and abroad too so that uniformity is maintained throughout the organization.It is also essential that trainers do not get polarized in any one location geographically speaking. They should be allowed to exercise their skills and implement them wherever poss ible. This means that they will also gain maximum teaching experience which they can share with whoever the work with and teach. Three leadership techniques that have been found to increase the performance of an organizationAn efficient and lean organizationA talent management plan that focuses on attracting and retaining high-performing individuals andA performance management program that rewards employees who meet set goals (Dorgan, Dowdy, 2002)From the above points one can see that the major problem that lies in organizations spreading into other cultures is the internal conflict, but aside from the internal conflicts the trend of marketing American products abroad is one that is patronized by the people of those cultures.It is the people that make this possible, as human beings are almost always ready for a change especially if it isnt going to harm them. Accepting new trends that are already in vogue in other neighboring countries is something that further motivates people int o welcoming UK products. However, this is not only the case with receiving UK products in Asian countries .There is now more scope than there was ever before for products to be marketed. The marketing of goods across the globe is yet an extension of what took place in the 1950s. This may be said because of the fact that the effects of this process of globalization are almost the same as what was seen in the United States during the 1950s. The process of people welcoming products that are brought nearer totem heralds the current trend in globalization. This is the same process that was seen during the 1950s when consumer behaviour was on the rise. This trend is extended to other places in the world today through globalization, which means that there are a whole lot more people aware of what is available around the world. This also means that there is a lot more stuff for people to be engrossed in, which would further help people to be relieved of stress in their everyday lives. But it also must be realized that there are other things to consider besides stress relief and extension of culture (Annesley,1998).It must be realized here that there is an intense effort to control people economically through consumerism. During the 1950s this was seen as people bought what was advertised. Similarly, this is seen in many countries around the world that buy American products.An Example of an Organization in the Automotive IndustryFor this section, a fictitious organization has been named, but contains data that is relevant to the automotive industry and present-day values.In contemporary times this may seem to be a problem, as one may not really know which product to trust and which will be dependable. As opposed to having to depend on particular advertising to learn about products, people have often used other customer experiences as their guides. This means that people without experience of a particular product have in fact waited for others to purchase it the observ ers its back and observes the performance and customer satisfaction. If a product happens to satisfy a customer, others will certainly be willing to use the same service providers. Hence, it can be seen here that reputation does matter to service providers and customers.In addition to this, it must be noted that experience of customers can be used as a vital tool in promoting services. This overshadows the uncertainty of that advertising may often portray. Though advertising is an essential strategy in promoting a product, it must be realized that there are several people that are not easily convinced simply through product display and the like.In view of this, customer testimonials are essential in proving authenticity of a product, as this proves how many customers have been satisfied and what customers have to say about. This is what many organizations are doing these days in order to boost their services. Indeed, EXCEED is one of them EXCEED is a motoring supplier, and caters t o a significant part of UKs market. In doing so, it needs to reassure its customers of its services and dedication them all.EXCEED is believed to be a credible motoring product and services supplier because of its reputation its reputation is one that has been gained through reliability that customers have experienced through time. In view of this, more and more customers have turned to EXCEED services, as they have been convinced by other customers experiences through time. However, it must be asserted that an organization that operates as one of the biggest in the UK, cannot simply rely on word of mouth for gaining more business or maintaining its position in the market. Thesis because of the fact that competition can easily overturn ones reputation. In view of this, EXCEED has to go on promoting itself and has to do so in a positive manner by focusing on its strengths and either ameliorating or doing away with products and services that are not gaining headway.Currently with the reputation EXCEED has, it is the leader in the Upmarket, attending to millions of customers. It has more than 12 million drivers depending on them, has around 3500 uniformed patrols on the job, and caters to 7.5 million calls every year. It is apparent that with this kind of healthy activity in their business that EXCEED is number one. However, like any other organization that provides services and products, EXCEED is not satisfied with what it is doing in the sense that it wants to enhance services that are viable and either do away with or improve the services and products that are less in demand.In doing this, they have an understanding of the market and what their potentials are, and this lays the platform for EXCEED to construct strategy in terms of marketing and advertising a strategy that they and the customers too would gain from.*EXCEED also has been on the risen terms of the customers that turn to them. this is a positive sign because the number that turn to their services and products each year. With selling more than 650,000 breakdown policies a year, something that they currently specialize in, there is even more scope for improvement (Breakdown Cover, 2005).According to the figure below, one can easily observe that breakdown is apparently the primary source of income in EXCEED. There are other sources as well, but this is the most important one, and indeed one that they are promoting. The important point to realize here is that EXCEED knows its strengths well due to the fact that they have kept close watch on all the activity in the company.They know their past well, they know what is going on at the moment, and they also know what their chances are in the market. In view of their potential being strongest as far as promoting breakdown services, EXCEED believes that its marketing and advertising strategies are of immense importance, as it is through these tools that they can manage to attain a wider segment of the market. In view of the current s tate of affairs in the market, the following are worth noting.Product Holding VolumeBreakdown (motoring) 2,300,000 Motor and home Insurance 500, 000 Other Financial Services 45, 000 Breakdown and Insurance 600, 500 Breakdown and Financial Services 50, 000 Insurance and Financial Services 5, 500 Breakdown, Insurance and Financial 32, 000In developing further strategies in order to improve EXCEEDs name and services, it is worth generally putting together some of the features around which the company could work. Below are few points that help paint a picture of EXCEEDs functionsEXCEED is believed to offer more than just breakdown coverage it offersEXCEED UK Breakdown CoverEXCEED 5 Star European Breakdown Cover Round the clock English telephone assistance.EXCEED Motor Insurance 8% discount on line.EXCEED Home Insurance They fish out a panel of insurers for their customers.EXCEED Car Data Check Recovers hidden history of a used car in case you want to purchase itEXCEED Vehicle Inspec tionEXCEED Travel Bookshop 18% off on line from the UKs largest provider of travel guides.EXCEED Driving School Nation-wide EXCEED approved instructorsDatabase Strategy through the InternetConsidering the fact that EXCEED has been allotted around 14 million Pounds to promote their services, it appears that an appropriate promotion can be created. Generally, for this first step, around 40percent of the fund may be used. This is because a database has to be established if any current one cannot be used for the proposed plan here.In addition to this and appropriate interface has to go along with it, combined with special features that only allow input on the part of customers. In view of the services that are already being provided, EXCEED needs to search into customer needs. This search would have tube conducted through getting their feedback. It is obvious that asking each and every customer about what they would like EXCEED to provide them would not be feasible it would be better for the customers to have access to EXCEED. This could be done through allowing customers to have access to an interface through which they could feed in their comments and recommendations online (Fill, 1999, 53-59).They would not need to have passwords and things to that effect, as the feed in process could be made plain and simple for them. This could be carried out through creating some sort of forum where customers can view other customers views as well, and thereby give them even better ideas to suggest. In addition to this, the service could have a feature that provides one access to feed in their views, but after entering them, they cannot be deleted. In other words the program manager would only delete whatever is posted in the forum. In this way, comments posted would be safe (Yandi, 2001, 15-21).In addition to an online provision, at outlets where EXCEED services are provided, the company could maintain on hand comment leaflets or even registers for comments.The leaflets w ould provide customers with the opportunity of filling in their comments while they are free. The registers would have to be filled in on the spot. The data from these registers could enter into another portion of the online database for comments and views. The leaflets when filled when the customers have time could be dropped off at any EXCEED outlet of services.The data from these could also be accumulated and fed into the database as well (Tapp, 2000, 22-34). In addition to customers posting their comments, it is also advisable for EXCEED to develop a means through which employees such as the patrolman could give their views and comments as well. With this type of feedback EXCEED would be able to determine to what extent each sides comments are practical. While the customers want services to improve according to their convenience, EXCEED also has to look at the possible changes from the employees angle. This would help the management come up with ideas that would satisfy the cust omers as well the employees in terms of easing their services to the customers (Tapp,2000, 22-34).In view of the management receiving all the comments through the database, the data needs to be sorted appropriately. Since it has all been collected under employee views and customer views, there is basically no real need to segregate the comments even further. However, theres need for better arrangement in the presentation of the collected comments. This refers to the placement of services throughout the country and where the comments have been received. This also means that in each comment entry, a customer has to state which part of the country s/he is in.Depending on whether there is sufficient services in particular areas or not, EXCEED can enhance its services. In addition to this, they can set to work on the requested services. Since it is the Breakdown services that EXCEED wishes to focus on according to the potential in the business, they need to construct the feedback system according to what has been described above. In view of such a database interface being constructed and implemented, it also facilitates customer comments after improvements in services have been made (Smith, 1998, 25-41).In view of the use of database, it must be asserted that the major cost of it is only in the initial stage. This is because once the databases setup it only has to be maintained and monitored.Direct Marketing Customers Program for existing customersIn the direct marketing step, it must be asserted that at least another 3.5 million 5 million might have to be invested out of the budget. This is because of the fact that EXCEED needs a stronger approach to its current customers EXCEED requires a more comprehensive set up with more communication employees in order to realize its goal. Assuming the amount is invested, the following course of action can be taken in order to develop direct marketing.Though EXCEED recognizes the fact that it has tremendous scope for improvi ng the grip it has on the market and would certainly want more customers, they are wise in the sense that they acknowledge the value of their present customers they know that if they satisfy their customers their reputation will remain as it was if not improve. In addition to this, it must be asserted that a company has better chances of maintaining stability in all forms when it focuses on the market it has already captured. Maintaining current customers is essential in terms of financial stability as well as customer loyalty.This is because the customers get to know that the company cares about them through the services that it provides them with. EXCEED knows its products and its customers too, but they need to remain in touch with them in order to make adjustments that the customers need. In view of this concern, the customers feel that the company cares about them EXCEED needs to make the customers feel this way in order to make sure that the customers dont feel abandoned or st uck with a product. Hence, there is a need to make sure that each and every customer is aware of the fact that they can communicate with EXCEED directly (Evans et al,2004, 43-44).In view of the direct communication that is a major part of promotional strategy today, it must be asserted that EXCEED needs to communicate with its customers today as much as possible. In order to communicate with them they can have in place customer relation officers.These officers are in charge of remaining in touch with current customers. Indeed, there are many of these officers employed because of the fact that there are also many customers that have to be dealt with. It is not an easy process but certainly is one that is necessary (Pickton, 2001, 64-67).Considering the means of communications used, e-mail, telephone, fax,etc. are the commonly used ones. Postal mail is also used as a means of contact. However, emailing and telephone contact are most commonly used. Similar to the communication process that communication officers use to stay in touch with current customers, it also must be asserted that customers use the same means as well.In fact, they may even be familiar with the communication officers who deal with them. This gives one an idea of how the direct communication process works and how effective it is. Certainly, if a customer becomes familiar enough to know a communication officers name, it is obvious that the communication process used is effective enough to get desired messages through (Smith, 1998, 25-41).In view of the effectiveness of the communication proves, it is clear that product promotion can be enhanced. All the communication officers have to do is follow the instructions of the product and tell the customer about it. In addition to this, they can supply them with ways and means of getting hold of the products. Regarding the communication process being simple, it certainly is, but when one has to focus of the breakdown of it all, it gets a little tediou s. This is because of the fact that one needs to know the market well, and see who is interested more in the products and services that EXCEED provides.In view of this, there are few factors that have to be taken into consideration. These include age, gender, ones occupation, lifestyle,etc. Though most people who use EXCEEDs services would want to know more about the products and services the company has to offer it must be asserted that research into the current customer behaviour reveals that there are particular groups that are more volatile and more viable to work with.This is why communication officers may work more with some customers and less with others. This is not seen as being prejudiced in any way, but it is true to say that the process takes into consideration customer behaviour, and since EXCEED is dealing with millions of customers they need to focus on the ones that they need to build and maintain relationship with. This is precisely what boosts customer loyalty. As far as the customers that are not communicated regularly with, it must be asserted that they are also important customers but they are ones that are easily satisfied with the services they get.In view of the particular factors that are taken into consideration, it must be asserted that in the UK, both men and women are users of EXCEED services, especially breakdown services. While men are still more likely to be customers, younger age groups are almost even. Older men are more likely than older women to travel long distances, while older women are still likely to be drive and use EXCEED services.As far as ones occupation is concerned, both men and women are likely to be service holders of EXCEED because of the fact that they are compelled to drive around. Lifestyle is another thing that is taken into consideration. Again men and women are both likely to use EXCEED services, but the younger they are the less likely they are to have EXCEED services.In view of some people not having EX CEED services, they can be targeted through the marketing strategy current customers could be used to spread the word around. However, the more important point to focus on includes the need to market EXCEED more to people that have already used EXCEED services. If they have not been using the services recently, they can be contacted and reminded of their expired membership. In view of communication methods that need to be used, email and telephone is most commonly used.Almost all people have an answering machine on at home and a message would be easy to leave for the. Those that have cell phones could either be called or a message or mail could be sent to them. Emailing is common, and for those that use Internet facilities commonly can be easily contacted through it. In view of each customers profile, various ways of getting in touch with him or her need to be mentioned(Brierly, 2002, 27-29).Customers may be asked on order forms how they might be contacted these details are noted do wn in order to make sure the more appropriate means of contacting a customer may be used. In addition to the communication means mentioned above, EXCEED could also promote its products and services through alternative means. This would include promoting products through magazines, television, periodicals, radio, and the Internet.This strictly refers to advertisements that are not personal, as they are opposed to emailing or telephoning a person. Though advertising in the ways mentioned here is quite effective, it must be asserted that it is not the kind that would stimulate the customers emotions.Customers need to be contacted directly when they are or have been regular customers of EXCEED or any other company it makes them feel valued, and again here it must be emphasized that the value of these feelings are crucial to maintain EXCEED services as they currently are offering incentives is important whether communication officers use direct contact of advertising strategies (Percy et al, 2001, 18-28).The difference is that when customers are contacted directly and told about the promotion they feel more valued.What EXCEED could do is circulate information about a new product among their current customers they could tell them all the important details about it. At a later date, the product information could be revealed to the general public through advertising in magazines, one the Internet, etc.Since the regular customers would have already gotten the information first, they would feel more appreciated and valued. These are the kinds of techniques that could be used current customers as opposed to potential customers because it is the current customer that comes first. This is because of the fact that EXCEED needs to make sure its reputation and business stand as it is and not be lowered.Acquisition Strategy for new CustomersFor this part of the promotional plan, EXCEED is left with a minimum of 3million Pounds. This means that funds might still fall short beca use television and radio promotion in addition to other forms will have to be used here. However, since television and radio communications might be used in the previous step, promoting products for newer customers could also be included. This would help save great deal of the funding, thereby allowing the whole promotional plant be implemented. The following includes how EXCEED might implement their plan to include new customers with the funds in hand.Since EXCEED has already discovered the market and are aware of the immense potential that lies ahead, they can implement a strategy that would cater to potential customers regarding Motoring Services, Financial Services and Travel Services. Random marketing strategies could be easily employed. It must be asserted that advertising through the Internet, magazines, radio and television are all appropriate means. In view of the cost factor here, moderate advertising through television could be implemented in order to fit the budget given . Advertising through the print media is considered to be more feasible.This is because EXCEED could have their advertisements placed in periodicals or magazines that are associated with motor companies(Yandi, 2001, 15-21). So when customers purchase cars or go through magazines that have information on particular cars, it is most likely that they would come across the advertisement. As far as motoring services are concerned, this is an appropriate means to advertise.However, as far as financial services are concerned, it would not work. EXCEED needs to target its potential market, regarding financial services, through a means that would create more chances of potential customers viewing the advertisement. When it comes to financial services, it is better to place ads on television and radio along with other products of EXCEED. In addition to this, it also must be asserted that advertisements for financial services must be places in magazines where financial services are offered for related products.This is believed to boost the chances of a companys product getting a response (Brierly, 2002, 27-29).Concerning Travel services, it must be noted that EXCEED could advertise through television and radio along with its other products. This would save them spending excess funds on separate advertisements. However, the main advertising for travel services would have to be done through travel guides. Just like other agencies and organizations advertise EXCEED too can do the same. the advantage is that EXCEED would probably be recognized through its name from other services and products it provides. In view of this, it must be asserted that there is also the reputation of EXCEED that can be taken into consideration(Brierly, 2002, 27-29).It must be considered that EXCEED is a company that already has many customers that it looks after and remains in contact with. Through this contact as well, services and products can be enhanced. This is a process that could indeed sav e some of the funds put towards promotional strategies. However, it is also worth considering whether it would actually be suitable to advertise through customers that are regular.This is because of the fact that some customers might feel that they are really being used to promote a company free of cost. Ot