Bee Biology

Discuss pesticide problems relating to bee respecting, including symptoms, distinguishing from malady and stoping pesticide impact. Adult Parasites Varroa Mites o Ca substance abused by the parasitic mite c eached Varroa Destructor (Bun riflee Country Beekeepers Association, 2007). o Symptoms include existence of big(p) mites on adult bees, vibrate, or hive debris adults have their abdomens shortened, locomote distorted, and legs atomic number 18 deformed and lastly, adult population and brood area declines dramatically, with patterned brood pattern (North Carolina resign University, 2007).o It can be prevented through employ screened behind boards, mite-tolerant stocks, dr ane-blood trapping, and management of still dusts (North Carolina State University, 2007). o Varroa mites can be detected exploitation sugar shake or ether roll, horny board, alcohol wash, or drone-blood inspection or visual inspection. o discussions mould (before dulcify flow) o The use of volati le treatment (thymol, formic acid, etc) should not be used for they can cause reduction in the brood area. Appropriate dosage of Apistan or checkmite+ can be used as yearn as the mites have not formerly developed a resistance (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007).Late spring/summer (during/immediately following honey flow) ? Chemical treatments should never be used while hone supers are on nettle rash. o Exploit one or more systems of preclusion, for instance, the use of screened bottom boards or mite-tolerant stock (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007). Autumn (preparing for winter) ? Test on a regular basis for mites, if possible once a month. o Alternate treatments regularly to fall the comprehensive exposure of any chemical for mites (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007). Nosema o Caused by the protozoan, Nosema apiso Stress from periods of long confinement, fast brood build-up, sustenance discrepancy and unwholesome weather are some factors th at may cause the existence of Nosema (Stanford, 2003). o Symptoms consist of distension of the abdomens and paralyzed behaviors of adults. o In order to picture the unsoundness, practice proper management technique while using the antibiotic fumagilin (Fumidil B, Nosem X) (Stanford, 2003). Other adult bee diseases include rickettsial disease, amoeba disease, spiroplasmas, and many otherwises. stew Diseases American Foulbroodo Caused by spore-forming bacterium called Paenibacillus larvae larvae (Stanford, 2003). o Symptoms consist of sour or of a glue pot odor pierced or recessed capping and resultant sticky black scales (Stanford, 2003). o To prevent the disease sterilise hygienic stocks avoid robbing by keeping colonies strong minimize comb swapping between hives replace three combs in the brood sleeping room every year with tooshie or drawn combs from honey supers and cleanse bee hives or suspect frames and brood boxes at the NCDA fumigation chamber using ethylene oxide (North Carolina State University, 2007).o If the disease is already present, treatments include burning of all frames and euthanizing of bees scorching or fumigation of empty brood boxes, bottom boards, inner covers, and lids lastly, amour your regional Apiary inspector (North Carolina State University, 2007). European Foulbrood o Caused by the bacterium Melissococcus pluton and associated flora o Symptoms include a indication odor rare presence of perforated or hollow cappings and a resultant black scale, which is often twisted in its cell (Stanford, 2003).o To prevent the disease, maintain a strong and healthy colony. o To treat the disease maintain a hive quarantine and be vigilant for re-emergent signs of the disease for light infections, reduce the area of the brood go up, replace infected combs with foundation, and keep the colony strong for more serious infection, treat with terramycin, feed to colonies in powdered sugar by dusting on the top of the brood nest (North Caro lina State University, 2007). Other brood diseases include chalkbrood, stonebrood, sacbrood, and Purple brood. Pests and Predators Wax moth o Symptoms include large larvae tunneling through the wax combs of weak hives or stored bee equipment and presence of silk cocoons in infested hives or equipments (North Carolina State University, 2007). o Treatment recommendations include storing of unused combs with PDB crystals. Never place crystals on a hold colony, as the fumes are highly toxic to adult bees and brood.In flake of heavy infestations, freeze combs for 1-2 days before reusing (North Carolina State University, 2007). Small salt away Beetle o Symptoms include presence of adult beetles and eggs or larvae watery, fermenting comb with small white grubs eating the wax and larvae creeping out of the front doorway of the hive and burrowing into the soil (North Carolina State University, 2007). o If there are adults, tape half a strip of checkmite+ to a lower place a square of corrugated cardboard placed on the bottom board of hive.If larvae are present replace infected combs with foundation, then urn them or freeze them Apply GuardStar soil drench around the perimeter of the hive to kill developing pupae in the ground around the hive (North Carolina State University, 2007). o Other pests in the honey bee colonies include ants, robber flies, mantids, yellowjackets, and other wasps (Stanford, 2003). 2. Describe the setup of a good honey house, indicating positive aspects of your arrangement. For the clownish areas, Vautier Hive is ideal.It allows the bee keeper to produce good quality honey with less costs in building it. The hive is made from cement to value the colonies from bad weather, bush fires and predators (BeesforDevelopment, 2006). The heavy weight of the hives will propose it hard for the thieves to steal those (Volunteers for Africa Sustainable earthy Resource Management, 2006). The vautier hive should be raised off the ground on rocks or tires. The bee colony dwells in a small volume that is needed. At harvest time, just make the hive, remove the flames that are full of honey and replace them with new flames.Close the hives until the next harvest(BeesforDevelopment, 2006). The hive produces 20-25 kg of honey per year (Volunteers for Africa Sustainable Natural Resource Management, 2006). Materials needed o Cement o Lumber, bamboo or branches o Wooden mould The width of the hive should be twice than its height. inside(prenominal) dimensions should be smaller. Create an entrance hole in the bottom of one side (BeesforDevelopment, 2006). Put a platform in front of entrance then make a ventilation hole at the back end (BeesforDevelopment Inc. , 2007). The 22 frames should all have a top-bar and 2 triangles. Any long and stiff piece of wood can be used for top-bar. slue the triangles from a square or rectangular piece of wood. Glue the triangles chthonic the top-bar, making sure that all the frames are the same siz e (BeesforDevelopment, 2006). In order to encourage the bees to use the frames properly, put wax guides or foundation to the top-bar, centered and running the whole length of the top-bar, all the way to the edges of the triangles (BeesforDevelopment Inc. , 2007).