Women in Ancient Greece

Behind every great man there is a great woman. The woman being the mother and wife of the household, the caretaker and glue that held things together while the man was the â€Å"breadwinner†, this was an ideal that held true throughout history only until recent years. In Ancient Greece, women held an obligation to their house and husband, they were property in a sense, but at the same time they almost held an important position of power, only it was hidden behind the veil of the home life. While they were reliant upon their husbands, it can be viewed that it was the females that helped their husbands and sons obtain the positions that they held, for good or bad. The female role of power in Greece varied from slave to queen, the woman’s role was the important but often subservient glue that was meant to keep the family together. Greek culture did not have to write down what was expected of women of the ancient time, because the men in society spent the entirety of a female’s life leaving their impressions of how they were meant to behave. Analyzing the work of various philosophers and writers, women were viewed as tools of the household, as the glue that held the household. However women were not considered anything outside of that, and were expected to remain in the household and tend to the children. The wives and mothers were at the center of the household, even when the husband was home. The husband would have seniority in the household, but when he was gone, the women were in charge of everything, including the slaves and the children. While the men were gone, the women were meant to follow a stern set of rules in order to avoid being seen with the suspicion and gossiped about by her neighbors. The women of Ancient Greece sought to please their husbands and everything described to be a â€Å"good wife†. If they feel that another woman has been unfaithful, even if she simply let her husband’s friend into their house when he isn’t home, the other women will talk and attempt to ruin the reputation of the woman.

Taiwan Scholarship Program Guidelines

The Taiwan Scholarship Program Guidelines are duly enacted in accordance with Article 4 of the Taiwan Scholarship2.Types of Scholarships and benefits:Undergraduate Scholarships: These scholarships are for foreign students who want to pursue undergraduate studies at universities/colleges in Taiwan. A stipend of NT$25,000 per month per student will be provided. (2) Master’s Scholarships: Scholarships in the amount of NT$30,000 per month will be provided for qualified foreign students who want to pursue their master’s degrees at universities/colleges in Taiwan. (3) Ph.D. Scholarships: Scholarships in the amount of NT$30,000 per month will be provided for qualified foreign students who want to pursue their Ph.D. degrees at universities/colleges in Taiwan.The aforementioned scholarships will be under the supervision of the universities/colleges and stipends will be awarded monthly based on the students’ attendance records and academic performance. Tuition, accommodati on, insurance and miscellaneous fees are all included in the scholarships herein stated. For the scholarships, which are sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (ROC), each student will be provided with a stipend of NT$30,000 per month, plus an economy airfare for direct roundtrip flights. 3.Quotas and Scholarships Offered by Government Agencies:Taiwan scholarship quotas will be discussed and decided by the Taiwan Scholarship Management and Promotion Committee and are contingent upon the annual budget allotments. Taiwan Scholarships are funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), the National Science Council of the Executive Yuan (NSC) and the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA). Scholarships offered by the aforementioned agencies are as follows:(1) MOE: Undergraduate/Masters’s/ Ph.D. Scholarships; (2) MOFA: Undergraduate Scholarships; (3) NSC: Master’s/ Ph.D. Scholarships; and (4) MOEA: Masterâ€℠¢s/ Ph.D. Scholarships; limited to graduate degree programs and are related to science, engineering, agriculture, medicine and hi-tech  fields. Recipients, whose scholarships are sponsored by the MOE or MOFA, may attend Language Enrichment Programs (Hereinafter referred to as LEP) in University-affiliated Chinese Language Centers (Hereinafter referred to as language centers) in Taiwan up to one year, in order to improve their language proficiency, before beginning their degree programs.A stipend of NT$25,000 for MOE recipients, and NT$30,000 for MOFA recipients per month, per student will be provided. Those who apply for the Master’s and/or Ph.D. Scholarships from the NSC and MOEA can not apply for the Language Enrichment Program.4. Duration of Scholarships:(1) Undergraduate Scholarships: maximum four years; (2) Master’s Scholarships: maximum two years; and (3) Ph.D. Scholarships: maximum three years.The total and maximum number of years for foreign students to recei ve scholarships (including LEP) will be five years. In principle, scholarships will begin from August 1 of each year and continue until July 31, of the following year. Scholarship recipients who are approved for summer programs or LEP may be assigned different scholarship award dates. If the recipient fails to enroll before the semester starts, the scholarship will begin from the month he/she arrives in Taiwan to study. Scholarships will begin from the month of student enrollment and will stop when the scholarship ends, the recipient graduates, drops out, is expelled, or upon cancellation of the scholarship, whichever comes first. Scholarship applicants shall not accept more than one scholarship issued by ROC (Taiwan) governmental agencies and/or educational institutions at the same time.If the applicant was granted more than one scholarship, he/she shall select only one scholarship to receive; if an applicant is found to be receiving more than one scholarship at the same time, the applicant shall be disqualified and asked to return the scholarship money already received.5. Qualifications: Applicants must meet the following requirements: (1) They should have a good academic record and moral character; (2) They should neither be Overseas Chinese Students nor ROC nationals; (3) They should not be scholarship recipients from other ROC government agencies or institutions in Taiwan; (4) They should not be exchange students who are admitted in accordance with academic cooperation agreements made between local educational universities/  colleges and foreign educational institutions;(5) They should not have had their scholarships cancelled in accordance with these Guidelines; (6) They should not have received Taiwan Scholarships of the same type; (7) The total duration of their scholarship(s) should not exceed 5 years; (8) They should not be foreign students who have already enrolled at local educational institutions at their own expense. (However, they will be elig ible to apply to individual universities/colleges for Foreign Students’ Scholarships, which are subsidized by the MOE.)6. Application Process:(1) Procedure: The overseas missions of the ROC should refer to MOE Regulations Regarding International Students undertaking Studies in Taiwan and these Guidelines while receiving and reviewing applications either independently or in joint cooperation with foreign local governments, schools, or cultural and educational institutions. Each year, by the end of January, the overseas missions should report their selection and assessment methods (through meetings or paper review) regarding these scholarships to the related government agencies and the MOE. (2) Application Period: Annually from February 1st through the end of March.(3) Required Documents: Applicants need to submit the following documents: A. Taiwan Scholarship Application Form (Form A with Study Plan; the format will be regulated by the MOE); B. Proof of highest educational qua lifications and academic performance; C. Proof of application to enroll at local universities/colleges and/or language centers (e.g. a copy of the application form); and D. Other documents as requested by the overseas missions of the ROC.(4) Selection: After reviewing the application documents, the overseas missions will select eligible scholarship candidates, as well as alternatives and create a list. This list will be sent to the related universities/colleges or language centers by the end of April for their reference. Copies of this list will also be provided to the related government agencies and the MOE. (5) Approval: Applicants are responsible for their application process to the universities/colleges or language centers that they would like to attend. Each school and/or language center shall refer to the guidelines of individual schools admission process for foreign students and begin the application review process. The school and/or language center should notify candidates, of their final decision, no  later than mid-June.(6) Notification of Admission: Applicants, upon receiving their admission letter, need to submit a copy of the admission letter to the designated respective overseas missions in order to secure their scholarship by no later than the end of June. Late submission of these documents, after the deadline will be deemed as a waiver for accepting the scholarship. In this case, the respective overseas mission should send a scholarship award letter to all qualified recipients and inform the alternative(s) in order to fill any vacancy(s). Candidates will be disqualified if they fail to pass the application review process of respective schools.(7) Acceptance Lists: By the end of July, the overseas missions should provide recipient acceptance lists, which will include their legal names, Chinese names, nationalities, gender, scholarship sponsoring agencies, type of scholarship, duration of scholarship, admitting universities/colleges and/or lang uage centers, highest educational qualifications, references of the recipients and other information to the related government agencies (including the MOE) and universities/colleges and/or language centers involved.The overseas missions shall also provide such information to the Bureau of Consular Affairs of the MOFA and the National Police Agency of Ministry of Interior, in order to assist them with their follow-up procedures. In case of special conditions or failure to complete the aforementioned processes, before the required deadlines, the overseas missions should report such circumstances to the related government agencies for approval (and inform the MOE of such events). (8) For those recipients whose scholarships are funded by the MOFA, the respective ROC overseas missions will purchase one-way economy airfare tickets to Taiwan for the recipients.The overseas missions need to submit the original receipts and copies of passenger coupons to the MOFA in order to be reimbursed. T he return economy airfare tickets will be bought by the MOFA. 7. Renewal process for scholarship recipients in Taiwan before the expiration of scholarships and the application for enrollment: (1) Recipients who want to pursue further study programs need to follow the terms found in Subparagraph (2) and (3) of this Article. For other recipients in Taiwan, who wish to renew their scholarships (in August), they have to submit each year a Taiwan Scholarship Application Form (Form B; the format will be regulated by the MOE) and reports of their academic  performance to their universities/colleges by the end of February.The universities/colleges will review their applications to see if they are qualified and send the list to the related government agencies (including the MOE) for review in order to reserve the number of scholarship recipients and follow the Article 10 for allocation. (2) The MOE may assist recipients who have been approved for scholarships up to five years (the LEP and undergraduate degree programs) in applying to enroll undergraduate programs. If the said recipients are unable to apply to universities/colleges on their own, they may submit their reports of academic performance (including the academic records for each year of their highest study, including language center records) and the Admission Assistance Application Form (the format will be regulated by the MOE) to the language centers.These language centers will coordinate all forms and send them to the MOE. The MOE will assist in selecting the proper universities, according to the recipients’ wishes and levels of language proficiency. Applicants should agree to abide by all final arrangements. (3) Scholarship recipients, who wish to continue to study for their master or doctoral degrees, upon completion of their previous course of study, need to apply for the admission to the new degree program on their own. (4) Universities/colleges that accept these scholarship recipients, as state d in Subparagraph (2) and (3) of this Article, shall submit the lists to the related government agencies (including the MOE) by the end of June for review, in order to reserve the number of scholarship recipients and follow Article 10 for allocation.8. Application process for re-applying for Taiwan Scholarships after the scholarships expire: Scholarship recipients who have already studied in Taiwan will be regarded as new students after the expiration of their scholarships. If they wish to re-apply for other types of scholarship and pursue further degree programs here, they need to follow Article 6 of these Guidelines and submit the Taiwan Scholarship Application Form (Form A) and their academic records to the ROC overseas missions by the end of March. The total duration of their scholarship period cannot exceed five years, as regulated by Article 4 Paragraph 2 of the Guidelines. Undergraduate, Master’s and Doctoral Scholarships recipients whose scholarship period was awarded for only one year, in accordance to the previous version of these Guidelines, should renew their scholarships following Article 7 Subparagraph(1) of these Guidelines, and are not subject to the regulations stated in the previous Paragraph of this Article. 9. The Suspension and Cancellation of Scholarships:(1) LEP students: A. If a student is absent for more than ten hours of class (serious illness and accidents excluded) within a single month, the language centers will suspend his/her scholarship the following month. B. Starting from the second quarter of study in Taiwan, if a student’s academic average is less than 80%, his/her scholarships for the next quarter will be suspended for one month. If a student’s academic average is less than 80% for two consecutive quarters, his/her scholarship status will be cancelled beginning with the next quarter.The remainder of the scholarship will also be cancelled. C. If a student is suspended from or drops out of school, the lan guage center will suspend his/her scholarship and inform the related government agencies in writing (including the MOE) in order to cancel his/her scholarship status. The remaining scholarships will also be cancelled. (2) Undergraduate/ Master’s/ Ph.D. students:A. For those Undergraduate/ Master’s scholarships recipients who are in each year of their study; Ph.D. scholarships recipients who are in the first two years of their study, if their academic average is below the passing standard set up by the school for any given semester, their school will suspend their scholarships for one month beginning with the next semester. If the schools have not set up an academic grading standard, then an undergraduate student’s academic average cannot be less than 60%, while a master and doctoral student’s academic average cannot be less than 70%. If a student is below passing for two consecutive semesters, their scholarship status will be cancelled starting the next s emester. Their remaining scholarships will also be cancelled.For those who are in their third year of a doctoral program, they must submit their thesis proposals to their schools, by the end of October of that year. Scholarships will be granted each month, if the schools approve the students’ proposals. Otherwise, scholarships will be suspended until proposals are approved, and will resume beginning from the month of approval. C. If a student is suspended from or  drops out of school, his/her school will automatically suspend his/her scholarships and inform the related government agencies in writing (including the MOE) in order to cancel his/her scholarship status.The remaining scholarships will also be cancelled. 10. The Allocation and Verification of Scholarships Accounts: (1) Allocation: Universities/colleges need to make a list of scholarship recipients and vouchers based on the various types of scholarships provided by the different government agencies. Universities/ c olleges should enclose their list of qualified recipients and vouchers, and apply to the MOFA or the MOE (scholarship stipends provided by the NSC and the MOEA are handled through the MOE; it should be noted on each voucher that the MOE is in charge of the allocation of funds for scholarships) for appropriation in January and August. Each institution will directly pay a monthly stipend to the students or to their accounts.(2) Verification of Scholarship Financial Transactions or Reports: A. For scholarships provided by MOFA, universities/colleges need to provide student signed receipts, or documents which show that money has been transferred into the students’ bank accounts, to the MOFA for verification in August and December. B. For scholarships provided by the NSC and the MOEA, universities/colleges need to provide three copies of financial transaction reports (signed by the head of the universities/colleges, accountants and cashiers) and any remainder of the stipends to th e MOE (for it to make a transfer to the NSC and the MOEA at the end of fiscal year in order to close the case) in August and December.C. For scholarships provided by the MOE, universities/colleges need to provide two copies of financial transaction reports (signed by the head of the universities/colleges, accountants and cashiers) and any remainder of the stipends to the MOE in August and December. Universities/colleges need to also keep the original copies for the Ministry of Audit or other related authorities for review. 11. Emergency Deductions: In case of financial difficulties, a scholarship recipient may request that the school deduct tuition, miscellaneous expenses, insurance premiums and other payable fees in a lump sum or in installments from his/her award, and issue the remaining amount to the scholarship recipient.12. Transferring to other schools: If scholarship recipients need to transfer to other institutions due to health, psychological reasons or special environmenta l surroundings, they need to follow MOE Regulations Regarding International Students undertaking Studies in Taiwan. If the institution or language center agrees to their transfer, these institutions must inform the related government agencies (including the MOE) for future review. Only one transfer is permitted. 13. Additional Information:(1) The MOE may allocate administration subsidies to institutions that join the Taiwan Scholarships Program and set aside a budget to assist institutions in setting up an information service center, in order to strengthen communication and the governing system for scholarships students. (2) ROC overseas missions shall organize orientations, in order to provide scholarship recipients with relevant information, before they travel to Taiwan. (3) ROC overseas missions shall be aware, if a student gives up his/her opportunity to come to Taiwan. If such a case happens, the ROC overseas missions will replace this student with another alternative.(4) Schol arship recipients should arrive at their designated universities/colleges or language centers prior to the day of registration. Institutions should report the names of those who fail to register, to the related government agencies (including the MOE), by the end of October. (5) Medical insurance fees are already included in the stipends. Universities/colleges and language centers should require that scholarship recipients join the National Health Insurance plan. Scholarship recipients must purchase other forms of medical insurance before enrolling in the National Health Insurance plan. The premium of the medical insurance plan will be deducted from the scholarships; the remaining scholarship money will be given to the scholarship recipients.(6) The ROC overseas missions should ask scholarship recipients to provide them with academic records or a report, postal and email addresses, within one month of the return to their respective countries after they complete their studies in Taiwa n. (7) Each year by the end of October, the ROC overseas missions need to send a comprehensive evaluation, which should include each student’s academic records and the other materials as stated in the Subparagraph (6) of this Article, to all the related government agencies (including the MOFA and the MOE) (8) To improve healthcare services for MOFA scholarship recipients,  the MOFA may arrange health examinations for the recipients.The MOFA shall coordinate with schools and hospitals for such examinations, with fees to be covered by its Taiwan Scholarship budget. 14. The selection process regarding the Taiwan Scholarships, their types, benefits and duration will be subject to the terms regulated in the above Guidelines. Scholarships, which have been awarded due to bilateral negotiations, cultural and educational agreements, or based on the terms of equality and reciprocity, or special circumstances, approved by heads of government agencies are not subject to the terms and r egulations under these Guidelines.

Application of Marketing Theories to Practice

Application of Marketing Theories to Practice Introduction This report shows the different field of businesses and the methods that our company was using in SimVenture comparing with theories. Marketing and Sales Our company’s main marketing tool was advertising but we were using different like direct marketing, exhibitions and our website. However, digital marketing is limited only to website in the game, although this is getting more popular these days (Pittsburgh Post-Gazzette, 2006). Digital marketing defined by Jobber, 2007: â€Å"The application of digital technologies that form channels to market (the Internet, mobile communications, interactive television and wireless) to achieve corporate goal through meeting and exceeding customer need better than the competition.† Digital marketing is almost completely missing from the game, it is only limited to website. Network theory studies relationships of all sorts, whether between people, animals or things. Social network analysis is an overlapping tool for learn ing about patterns that develop within social networks and how they influence behaviour. Digital marketing channels such as Facebook, Twitter, Foursquare and Instagram are useful in this regard, as they allow marketers to listen to what consumers are saying, and they allow marketers to leverage the power of influential users to spread messages throughout their networks (Harvard Business Review, 2006.). Generational marketing theory holds that consumers born of the same generation — defined as a 20-year period — have common attitudes and behaviours because of shared experiences that influenced their childhoods and shaped their views of the world. The relevance of generational theory to digital marketing is primarily in the ways in which each generation communicates and the online places where marketers can reach them (Zickuhr, 2010.). The customer research in the game is only limited to where the customers heard about but nothing who they are (age, gender, education, et c.). All in all the game had good opportunities in traditional marketing channels like direct marketing and advertisement but digital marketing part is really limited which makes it less realistic. Operations Efficient operations management is a key element to make a company successful. Without supply network a company cannot exist. A supply network perspective means setting an operation in the context of all the other operations with which it interact some of which are its suppliers and its customers. Materials, parts, other information, ideas and network of customer-supplier relationships formed by all these operations (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2004.). The supply network view can also help in decision making about the design. The design activity in operations has one overriding objective: to provide products, services and processes which will satisfy the operation’s customers. During the game our company used ‘Just in time’ method for the production because i f there was more order then our organisation was able to produce then we contracted some out when it was financially possible. Furthermore, in the meanwhile of last year in the game, all of our production was contracted out because the four employees weren’t enough to build the product and to handle other task that were essential to run the company at the same time. High dependency theory is one of the explanation of the ‘Just in Time’ approach to operations management. With high inventories insulating each stage in the production process, the dependency of the stages on one another was low. Take away the inventory and heir mutual dependency increases. The ‘Just in Time’ practice of empowering ‘shopfloor’ staff makes the organisation dependent on their actions (Slack, Chambers, Johnston, 2004.). However, this theory perfectly suits with SimVenture, thus it is realistically show the opportunities and limitations of ‘Just in Timeâ₠¬â„¢ delivery and production because in the first year when financially it was not a possibility to contract out some of the production we bumped into some limitations according to the ‘Just in Time’ manufacture technique.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Capital Punishment Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Capital Punishment - Essay Example This is because once criminals have been killed, they will not have another chance of committing some more crimes; also, since capital punishment is a cruel form of punishment, many potential criminals are afraid of being subjected to capital punishment and for that reason, they abstain from committing crimes. On the other hand, however, although capital punishment can help to deter crimes, capital punishment causes deep pain and loss to the family of the executed criminals. This is because, however, grave are the crimes committed by the criminals who are executed, their family members and their friends still love them, although they may not approve of the grave crimes. For this reason, therefore, capital punishment causes real emotional trauma to the family members and friends of the executed criminal. A comparison of the deterrent advantage of capital punishment and the emotional trauma disadvantage of capital punishment shows that the advantage of capital punishment far outweighs the disadvantage. This is because since capital punishment helps to prevent further commission of the crime, capital punishment helps to prevent more emotional trauma in the lives of people. This is because grave crimes cause emotional trauma to the relatives and friends of the victims of the crimes. Hence, the deterrent advantage of capital punishment outweighs the emotional trauma disadvantage of capital punishment because it helps to prevent more emotional trauma to the victim’s relatives and friends.

The Obedience to Authority Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

The Obedience to Authority - Essay Example In â€Å"The Lottery,† Old Man Warner stresses that the lottery cannot be removed, simply because it has always been done: â€Å"There's always been a lottery† (Jackson). Furthermore, he emphasizes the saying: â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon† (Jackson). It does not matter if this ritual results in the suffering of one person since the society focus on its â€Å"positive† outcomes. In "The Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas,† people believe that in order to maintain the joy and wealth of Omelas, they have to preserve a â€Å"child's abominable misery† (LeGuin). Omelas has made it a law to never let the child out because it will result in the loss of â€Å"prosperity and beauty and delight† of Omelas (LeGuin). Some residents feel the injustice of this law, but the majority follows its law nonetheless. Simply obeying authority is a form of cowardice, which results in evil too. Some people in â€Å"The Lottery† consider scrapping this tradition, but they do so in â€Å"suggestive† tones. Mrs. Adams says: â€Å"Some places have already quit lotteries† (Jackson). No one among the people, nevertheless, boldly calls for the eradication of this bloody and senseless ritual. They all participate, even when they feel uncomfortable about it. For instance, the niceties are all forced, such as when Mr. Summers and Mr. Adams â€Å"grinned at one another humorlessly...† (Jackson). There is also cowardice in how people in Omelas uphold a child's misery. They rationalize the co-existence of their happiness and individuals suffering: â€Å"They all know that it has to be there† (LeGuin). They think this way to free themselves from guilt. Rationalization is a coward way out of his/her conscience. People follow authority, even when it results in violence because violence has become too commonplace that no one questions its morality anymore. Children and adults alike  participate in the violence of the lottery, as part of their â€Å"numbing, commonplace everyday activity† (Breakthrough Writer).  

Night by Elie Wiesel Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Night by Elie Wiesel - Annotated Bibliography Example Night by Elie Weisel is a work that shows few characteristics of almost three modes of narration. On one hand it is the tale of the author’s own life so, it would not be wrong to say that is has the trait of an autobiography. On the other hand, it reflects profoundly on an immensely significant part of time and history, and its connection with the author’s life- thus it shows the characteristics of a memoir. It also has some potentials of a diary, as it provides thorough annals of daily occurrences taking place in the concentration camps, reminding us of the dairies of Anne Frank and the veteran African author N’Gugi Wa Thiongo’s Detained, which is a stark prison diary with exceptional fits of torments. It is an anecdote of an eternal hope that never lets the flame of hope to retire, even in the most perilous and bleak point of life. It is an intense tale of a father and his son and a metamorphosis in their relationship in an extremely adverse and difficul t situation.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author is a ‘Holocaust’ survivor. He witnessed the most grotesque and gory sides of war and its direct effect on human lives vividly. From his novel, the horror of the cruelest genocide became prominent. It is a journey of the protagonist to a new life where humbleness and security exist evenly. Night is the initial book in the trilogy by Wiesel—Night, Dawn, and Day. The trilogy reflects Wiesels condition of psyche throughout the struggle in the concentration camps and history of the Holocaust. The titles spot his switch from obscurity to radiance, with accordance to the Jewish custom of the beginning of a fresh day at nightfall. In Night, the author assumed that he wanted to reach an end of the events of pain, which have inevitably ravaged his life. Weisel is successful in making a chain of portraits of a sheer transformation of human mind under a hostile

Data Handling Checklist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Data Handling Checklist - Research Paper Example 1.2 Use data collection sheets to record data from a practical exercise (e.g. measuring temperature change over time) (p264 Chapter 28). Solution: There are a number of methods available to record the raw data. Let here we use tally chart to record the data related to measure the temperature change over time. The data recorded in table 1.2(a) is the raw data about the variation of temperature over time for a hot summer week. 1.3 Identify strengths and weaknesses of different methods of data collection, e.g. tally chart - frequency table (p274 Chapter 28 submit Question 1). Answer. Strengths of Tally chart. A tally chart is a grid used to help clearly show information as it is collected. A good tally chart, -shows the information clearly. -have clear columns and headings. -uses lines to show numbers and a total number to show the frequency. Weakness of Tally chart -Tally chart is not a good option to use for a large complex data collection. -Since Tally chart uses lines to show numbers, therefore for large data the Tally (lines) patterns are not only have an odd outlook but also cover a lot of space. Frequency Table When summarizing large masses of raw data it if often useful to distribute the data in classes or categories and to determine the number of individuals belonging to each class called the class frequency. A tabular arrangement of data by classes together with the corresponding class frequency is called a frequency distribution or frequency table. The data organized in frequency table is termed as grouped data. Strengths of Frequency Table A frequency table can split data into classes or categories. By frequency table the actual number of scores as well as the % age of scores in each interval can be displayed. A frequency table can be used to summaries categorical, nominal, and ordinal data. It may also be used to summar

How to become a nurse practitioner, what are the prerequisites, how Research Paper

How to become a nurse practitioner, what are the prerequisites, how much money and how long it will take me - Research Paper Example A nurse practitioner is a high level nursing profession so it needs a properly acquired higher education. They can proceed like normal physicians due to the extensive knowledge they have acquired while becoming a nurse practitioner. They give primary care to the patients in hospitals and can diagnose or treat patients as well. The main responsibilities of nurse practitioners are to perform physical tests, prescribe physical therapy, ordering of diagnostic tests and other related errands. The major information which I required about this career is the education needed for being a nurse practitioner. Upon researching about the educational requirements for this career I came to know a lot about the career itself. It is not at all an easy task to become nurse practitioner because plenty of hard work and time is needed to become a good nurse. To become a nurse practitioner a master degree is required but in order to get that, first he or she needs to complete all the prerequisites in orde r to further carry on with the higher education. The prerequisite for master is a bachelors of science in nursing (BSN). The curriculum that BSN follows includes the course of anatomy, physiology, nutrition, microbiology and nursing. BSN completes in four years time just like other degrees. Additionally, the candidate for this program has to be a current license registered nurse. In order to get this license there is a criterion to follow, which varies from state to state. But usually what the candidate requires is the completion of an approved nursing program, passing the exam of National Council Licensure Examination or NCLEX-RN and last but not the least they need to have clinical experience in this field. After completion of degree, the applicants now need to complete Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree from an approved nursing program. The main aim of this degree is to prepare the student for specialty in a specific field and primary care. There are various topics that ar e taught in this program which include pathophysiology, advance nursing practice, ethics and other related courses. A Masters of Science in nursing degree is a minimum requirement for becoming a nurse practitioner. Even though master’s degree is enough in order to get into the profession of nurse practitioner but still most students do opt to get admission in doctoral degree program so that it helps them in increasing their career opportunities and expertise. This doctoral program teaches the students advanced methods of how to take care of the needs of the patients. It also helps them to pursue career in teaching and make difference in the field of teaching as well. The general topics that are taught in this doctoral program are capstone project, leadership, behavior complexity and population health. All these courses are taught to enhance the knowledge of these nurses so that they can use this knowledge to help other people and also to pass on this to their students. Other then the information about the education the next question which is also equally important is that how much time all of this takes. As a bachelors degree in nursing is required for this which is of four years, we can straight away add four years to this time. After this the Masters of Science degree in nursing is required which takes almost two to three years. Now, by simply adding up

Successful andor unsuccessful application of organizational behavior Essay

Successful andor unsuccessful application of organizational behavior concepts in any organization - Essay Example Concepts that are inevitably connected with organizational behavior are those which have a direct impact on the above corporate objectives of the organization. The most common among these concepts are the organizational culture, effectiveness, diversity, learning, efficiency and communication. Wal-Mart has been well known for its unique Human Resource Management (HRM) practices, extremely democratic organizational structure/culture and highly successful employee motivation strategies. Organizational culture consists of both the individual and collective characteristics of the employees within the organization. "Organizational culture is a pattern of knowledge, belief, and behaviorit is the form, beliefs, norms, social patterns, the way things are done, the symbols and rituals" (Burton, Lauridsen, & Obel, 2004). Organizational behavior and its associated concepts of Wal-Mart have to be examined against its HRM practices, organizational structure and employee motivation strategies which in turn depend on other variables such as the impact of globalization on the business, government rules and regulations, market demand for and supply of factors of production such as labor and the level of competition. The geographical and occupational mobility of labor also matters. Wal-Mart with a workforce of roughly 2.1 million is the biggest public company in the world by revenue, i.e. US $400 billion (approximately) in 2008. These staggering figures apart the giant grocery retailer has been looked upon as the model American business organization by many analysts and industry experts.Theoretical underpinnings about organizational behavior and the related concepts have been evolving over the years from Taylor's scientific management theory, through human relations theories and theory X and theory Y people to the modern day behavioral theories. This historical delineation signifies a number of aspects about the conceptualization of organizational behavior in the modern business context. Thus a particularly important aspect of leadership research in the sphere of organizational behavior is focused on Social Identity Model of Organizational Leadership (SIMOL). SIMOL is currently in vogue for the sole reason that it serves not only as a behavioral approach to organizational culture but also as a contingency model to study leadership (Kramer and Staw, Editors, 2003, p.283). Its relevance to this analysis lies in the correlation between the organizational behavior concepts such as organizational communication and diversity and corporate objectives such as profits and market share.Next theoretical postulate which has a significant bearing on organizational behavior concepts is the leadership style and the latter with a considerable amount of complexity applies to a variety of business cont exts. For instance leadership style in Wal-Mart is characterized by a degree of democratic delegation of freedom to the staff to take decisions at the operational level. This aspect of the organization is subject to critical analysis for it obviously presumes that organizational behavior engenders a series of culture-centric responses to the external strategic environment including that of competitors' behavior. Corporate strategy in this particular context plays

Cabernet Sauvignon Essay Example for Free

Cabernet Sauvignon Essay As with all wines, the particular winemaker will have adequate â€Å"say† in the style of wine he will produce. That said, red wines are often classified by â€Å"body-type. † For example, one might say that a certain red wine is â€Å"light-bodied† – referring to the mouth-feel and tannin structure. A light-bodied wine will have fewer tannins present and less presence on the palate. These wines tend to be less demanding partners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied red wine would be one derived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as France’s famed young red wine: Beaujolais Nouveau. A medium-bodied red wine will contain more tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, but will not have near the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian Super Tuscan. Typical examples of medium-bodied red wines include: Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti. Full-bodied red wines boast the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content. Prime examples of full-bodied reds are France’s esteemed Bordeaux wines, California’s key Cabs and Italy’s sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to â€Å"feel† more like water in the mouth. In contrast, â€Å"full-bodied† wines feel heavier, more like milk, this effect is due in large part to the higher tannin (and again, alcohol) content. Dry Red WinesAs with all wines, the particular winemaker will have adequate â€Å"say† in the style of wine he will produce. That said, red wines are often classified by â€Å"body-type. † For example, one might say that a certain red wine is â€Å"light-bodied† – referring to the mouth-feel and tannin structure. A light-bodied wine will have fewer tannins present and less presence on the palate. These wines tend to be less demanding partners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied red wine would be one derived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as France’s famed young red wine: Beaujolais Nouveau. A medium-bodied red wine will contain more tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, but will not have near the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian Super Tuscan. Typical examples of medium-bodied red wines include: Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti. Full-bodied red wines boast the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content. Prime examples of full-bodied reds are France’s esteemed Bordeaux wines, California’s key Cabs and Italy’s sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to â€Å"feel† more like water in the mouth. In contrast, â€Å"full-bodied† wines feel heavier, more like milk, this effect is due in large part to the higher tannin (and again, alcohol) content. Dry Red WinesAs with all wines, the particular winemaker will have adequate â€Å"say† in the style of wine he will produce. That said, red wines are often classified by â€Å"body-type. † For example, one might say that a certain red wine is â€Å"light-bodied† – referring to the mouth-feel and tannin structure. A light-bodied wine will have fewer tannins present and less presence on the palate. These wines tend to be less demanding partners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied red wine would be one derived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as France’s famed young red wine: Beaujolais Nouveau. A medium-bodied red wine will contain more tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, but will not have near the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian Super Tuscan. Typical examples of medium-bodied red wines include: Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti. Full-bodied red wines boast the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content. Prime examples of full-bodied reds are France’s esteemed Bordeaux wines, California’s key Cabs and Italy’s sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to â€Å"feel† more like water in the mouth. In contrast, â€Å"full-bodied† wines feel heavier, more like milk, this effect is due in large part to the higher tannin (and again, alcohol) content. Dry Red WinesAs with all wines, the particular winemaker will have adequate â€Å"say† in the style of wine he will produce. That said, red wines are often classified by â€Å"body-type. † For example, one might say that a certain red wine is â€Å"light-bodied† – referring to the mouth-feel and tannin structure. A light-bodied wine will have fewer tannins present and less presence on the palate. These wines tend to be less demanding partners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied red wine would be one derived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as France’s famed young red wine: Beaujolais Nouveau. A medium-bodied red wine will contain more tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, but will not have near the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian Super Tuscan. Typical examples of medium-bodied red wines include: Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti. Full-bodied red wines boast the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content. Prime examples of full-bodied reds are France’s esteemed Bordeaux wines, California’s key Cabs and Italy’s sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to â€Å"feel† more like water in the mouth. In contrast, â€Å"full-bodied† wines feel heavier, more like milk, this effect is due in large part to the higher tannin (and again, alcohol) content. Dry Red WinesAs with all wines, the particular winemaker will have adequate â€Å"say† in the style of wine he will produce. That said, red wines are often classified by â€Å"body-type. † For example, one might say that a certain red wine is â€Å"light-bodied† – referring to the mouth-feel and tannin structure. A light-bodied wine will have fewer tannins present and less presence on the palate. These wines tend to be less demanding partners with flavor-filled foods. An example of a light-bodied red wine would be one derived from the Gamay grape varietal, such as France’s famed young red wine: Beaujolais Nouveau. A medium-bodied red wine will contain more tannins than the above Beaujolais Nouveau, but will not have near the pucker power of a high-powered California Cabernet Sauvignon or an Italian Super Tuscan. Typical examples of medium-bodied red wines include: Merlot, Shiraz or a Chianti. Full-bodied red wines boast the highest tannin (and often alcohol) content. Prime examples of full-bodied reds are France’s esteemed Bordeaux wines, California’s key Cabs and Italy’s sizzling Super Tuscans. In general, light-bodied wines tend to â€Å"feel† more like water in the mouth. In contrast, â€Å"full-bodied† wines feel heavier, more like milk, this effect is due in large part to the higher tannin (and again, alcohol) content. Dry Red Wines.

Distributed Information System Medical Lab Service Information Technology Essay

Distributed Information System Medical Lab Service Information Technology Essay Online booking system has become a common trend now days in business organisations. With the coming of the internet everything is just a click away. As the Private medical care service provider began its quest for the development of a laboratory test, diagnoses and treatment services that would be used to serve over 100 outlets across the UK, it becomes every web developer responsibility to deal with the challenges and this challenge still goes on. As developer took on the task, it created a platform for other and its from those existing system that new development are based. The distributed health care system should be designed in a way that guarantees the security of the users data and it should be designed in the most user friendly way possible, putting in consideration all the accessibility requirements. 1. Introduction Information Technology has created a new domain for business to excel. It has opened many horizons for companies which are looking for better ways to impress their customers. Not only that it has given many options to the firms and helps them in their daily routine tasks. No wonder it is playing a vital role in development of the firm. Research and Development for any firm is very important for future. Let it be long term planning or short term I.T has helped in many ways for example minimising risks, calculating costs, estimating future trends and so on. 1.2-Tier Architecture Technology is dynamic as it changes day by day making business world easier to survive with excellent management. 3-Tier Architecture is one of the modern technology three way interactions in client /server environment. This architecture was generated to overcome the problems of 2-tier architecture. This consists of three essential components as shown in the figure. Fig: 3-tier Architecture (Source: www.cardisoft.eu//3_tier_architecture.jpg, Accessed on 04/06/2011) Client Tier: This is the layer where the users interact with the system. So this is the user interface which is stored in client server. This layer sends the data to application server and gets the result back from there. An Application Tier This server consist of two layers i.e. Business layer and data access layer. This is the main layer which process the data received from client server and also interacts with database server. Data Tier All the data are stored in database server which can be retrieve at any time. This layer takes the command from application server and gives the required data back. 2. Overview The vast development and empowering of todays knowledge in all sectors of our modern life is improving satisfaction, comfort and reliability. There are remarkable effects entering in our medical service sector that make the patients and doctors relationship more satisfactory and exciting. However, patients and Medical care Service often struggle with disagreeing views about the Laboratory testing system and adoption of proper communication and appointment procedures. Patients look for technological advances to improve the quality and outcomes of medical care system. In new developed system, with the help of emerging web techniques and technologies the Medical Care Service turn into a great improvement by reducing early days delay and difficulty. In the online system, Administrative staff can track patients, staff and can book appointment for patient. Doctors will be able to access patient information, their medical history and would be able to arrange for lab testing laboratory staff member will be able to track only sample which is belonged with a patient. 2.1 Scope of project. The main aim of the project is to create a patients test booking system and manage doctors and staff member detail that is more efficient and easy to use for all. The project also aims at ensuring reliability in the medical booking systems so that in the near future the members of the public as well as the health workers find communication between the two parties easy and secure and time saving. By secure we mean a reasonable level of data protection. 2.2 Aims and objective. In order to hit the set target for this project aims and objectives were set and this included: Develop a login facility to access details and information easily. Create an online interactive system between patients and Health Care Provider for quicker response (such as fixing online appointment). To design UML Deployment diagram of the system architecture To design Use Case Diagram of the system To design ERD of the backend database To design Class Diagram of the system To implement the 3-tier Architecture and design the prototypes 2.3 Purpose of the Project After this project, Medical Care Service will have a efficient appointment system for their patients. Following are the advantages in implementing 3-tier Architecture. Development Issues: Complex application rules are easy to implement in application server. Business logic off-loaded from database server and client, which makes performance excellent. Changes to business logic automatically requested by server changes require only new application server software to be installed. Application server logic is suitable to other database server platforms by virtue of the application software. Performance: 3-Tier Architecture gives superior performance for medium to high volume environments 2. Business Key Requirement Analysis The main requirement for Medical care Service provider is to overcome with the problem of Traditional database system. So the aim of the project is to develop Web Base applications and implement 3-tier architecture system. There are three separate interfaces with different functions for different users. Administrator Administrator can: Login to the system using login form. Track Patients Enter Staff Information Book Appointment for Patients Doctors Doctors can: Login the system. Access Patients Information Access Patients Medical history Arrange for Lab testing Laboratory Staff Login the system Track Sample (Associated with Patients) 3. Model Used for System Development There are different types of methodology for the development of system such as Waterfall Model, Spiral Model, Prototyping Model, and Rapid Application Development. Among them Prototyping Model was selected for the purposed system. 3.1 Prototyping Model In this model, the problems of the existing system are defined. The requirements are break down into different parts. For each requirement different prototypes are designed and tested separately. If the systems do not give the expected output, then again different actions are taken to construct the system. 4. Feasibility Study The study involves a complete research for the project; it looks at some of the features that could be translated into reality. This stage helps project developers to know accurately they can deal with the process. It is therefore a critical phase which requires a detailed study be carried out. Feasibility study is the initial study undertaken before the actual project begins to highlight the possibility of the project success. It is an analysis of possible options and solutions to problems and provides suggestions on the best alternative. 4.1 Technical Feasibility The project Medical Care Service runs on any windows system as well as in World Wide Web. Many organizations use the web server because it is a common and very user-friendly interface to develop ASP.net enabled programs in the Internet. The necessary technologies needed to run this project are available without any new software to be installed. The software ASP.net and Microsoft Access which is commonly available and widely popular software existing in the market. It comes with features to access the Internet in an efficient approach. Thus, by using this all the modules are able to perform the tasks required. The task is to produce a product that reflects the user mind. 4.2 Operational Feasibility Operational feasibility is the measure of how well the explanation of problems will work in the organisation and also determine how people feel about the system project. In this area particularly, problems within the login areas and security validations that were sighted, A project is therefore said to be operationally feasible if it achieves the needs and expectations of end users. User acceptance is a key determinant of operational feasibility. This project does not require any special memory or enhanced features in the system in order to run. Instead it will consume less memory and will operate efficiently even under normal speed. 4.3 Economic Feasibility Economic feasibility is the measure of the cost-effectiveness of an information system solution. Regarding economic feasibility, the project is a less expensive one. As a whole, the project does not demand any special feature. It makes use of the available resources and provides a better performance in convinced areas. 5. Languages Used for System Development In this phase, the required hardware, software and people required for the project are selected. The following software is used for designing. 5.1 Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 (ASP.net) Microsoft visual studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft which can be used to develop console and graphical user interface applications along with Windows Forms applications, web sites, web applications, and web services. Visual Studio 2008 was upgraded to support all the new features introduced in .NET Framework 2.0, including generics and ASP.NET 2.0. The IntelliSense feature in Visual Studio was upgraded for generics and new project types were added to support ASP.NET web services. Visual Studio 2005 also includes a local web server, separate from IIS that can be used to host ASP.NET applications during development and testing. It also supports all SQL Server 2005 databases. Other new features of Visual Studio 2005 include the Deployment Designer which allows application designs to be validated before deployments, an improved environment for web publishing when combined with ASP.NET 2.0 and load testing to see application performance under various sorts of user loads. This is used in this project for the presentation tier to design the interfaces for window applications. 5.2 VB.NET Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) is an object-oriented computer programming language that can be viewed as an evolution of Microsofts Visual Basic (VB) which is generally implemented on the Microsoft .NET Framework. Microsoft currently supplies Visual Basic Express Edition free of charge. This language is used for coding of the main functions and process in this project. This is used for the presentation tier. 5.3 UML Diagrams UML stands for Unified Modelling Language which is used in the business logic layer in middle tier of 3-tier Architecture. This is specially designed for developers to see the system in different perspective view. There are different types of UML Diagrams such as use case diagram, class diagram, sequence diagram, deployment diagram. Among them following UML Diagrams are used for this project. Use Case diagram to show how the users interact with system Class Diagram forms class structure and contents using design elements such as classes, packages and objects. It also displays relationships such as containment, inheritance, associations, generalization, etc. Deployment Diagram to show the interaction between the components that is relation between hardware and software. This diagram shows the physical architecture of the system. 5.4 MS Access 2007 MS Access is the database application for Windows, included in Microsoft Office suite which is used to store the data in tables form. MS Access offers many templates which makes easy to use. Many big and small organizations use this software for database server in order to store the data in standard tabulation form and retrieve as required. In this project, this program is used to store the data in the database server. 6. Designing the System The purpose of design phase is to transform the business requirements statement from the requirements analysis phase into design specifications for construction. For this purpose, design phase encompasses following tasks: Design the Application Architecture Design the System Database Design System Interface 6.1 Design the Application Architecture For the design of system architecture the UML diagrams such as Use Case Diagram, UML Deployment Diagram and Class Diagrams are used. 6.2 System Architecture Design Clients IIS 5 . 0 Server Business Logic Components VB .net Library Data Access via ADO . NET Middle Tier CLR MCS Database Ms Access 2007 Server ASP . NET 7. Use Case Diagram for Medical Lab Service 8. Design the System Database To design the database of the system, the E-R diagram is prepared at first. Then, the database structure is prepared in the MS Access. 8.1 Entity Relationship Diagram ERD stands for Entity Relationship Diagram.  Ã‚  It is one of the most important analysis diagrams for designing a database which summarise the whole structure of database.  Ã‚   In relational databases, the data is split up into tables instead of writing it all out in a single line or record.  Ã‚  This removes some of the problems often encountered in building a database.  Ã‚  The tables are linked together by  the primary key of one table being present as what is called a foreign key in another table. For National Car Parts Retail, the database system main content following AdminLogin Branch DoctorsDetails PatientDetails PatientVisitDetail ReportStatus StaffDetails ERD Diagram StaffDesignation StaffGender Login userName Id Password Type createDate Patients PatientName PatientId MaritalStatus PatientDOB PatientHistory PatientAddress PatientPhone TestType PatientGender PatientBookingDate StaffDOB BranchFax BranchPhonedress BranchName Has BranchId Branch Has VisitDetail PatientvisitID DoctorsId TestDate PatientId Arrange Test DoctorDetails DoctorsName DoctorsId DoctorsGender DoctorsAddress DoctorsSpecial DoctorsPhone Booking Has StaffPhone Id StaffAddress StaffId StaffName Staff Details Postcode BranchAddress The above diagram is entity relationship diagram for Medical Lab Service explaining the relationship between the entities and their attributes. The attributes shown in the diagram are their primary keys. 9. Database Structure The database was designed using MS Access with the name Medical.mdb List of the various tables and their descriptions are as follows: S. No. Table Name Description 1 AdminLogin Store Login information 2 Branch Store Medical Lab Branches details 3 DoctorsDetails Store Doctors information 4 PatientDetails Store Patients booking details 5 PatientVisitDetail Store Patients Visit Detail For Medical Test 6 ReportStatus Store Patients Report Status 7 StaffDetails Store Lab Staff details Below is the more detail of database structure. Branch Table Name Data Type Size Nulls? Default Value Extra BranchId Number Long Int No BranchName Text 30 No BranchAddress Text 50 No PostCode Text 20 No BranchPhone Text 20 No BranchFax Text 20 For more detail refer to appendix Medical 9.1 Design the System Interface This is the Index page of the Web Based system for Medical Lab Service where the user logins and does other processing. This is the Medical Lab Service index page from where user can process further. For more prototypes refer to appendix prototypes 10. Coding Coding should be done according to design specifications in order to meet business requirements. VB.NET was used as the server-side script. Including entire code of the system would make the system unnecessarily lengthy. Hence I have included code of some important functionality and presented a brief explanation. 11. Implementation and Testing of System As I mentioned before this is the web based application so the other Medical Lab Branch can be accessed this System through internet. When the system gave expected result then it was implemented to the entire branch and old traditional system was completely removed. The list below is the test plan for the system. Login Add/Update/Delete Branch Detail (Admin) Add/Update Delete Patients Booking (Admin) Add/Update Delete Doctors Details (Admin) Add/Update Delete Staff Details (Admin) Add/Update Delete Test Arrangement (Doctors) Add/Update Delete Report Details (Lab Staff) Searching from Admin(Branch, Doctors, Patients, Lab Staff) Searching from Doctor (Patients History, Test Details) Searching from Lab Staff (Search Report Status) 12. User Documentation After the completion of the whole project the final user document was prepared which content all the information of the system. The user guide was prepared and different training was given to employees of the Medical Lab Service so that they can be familiar with the new system. 13. Conclusion This report is prepared as the System documentation for Web Based Application Designing for a Medical Lab Service. This project provided me with good professional practice in applying our knowledge of Information Systems to address business problems. During this endeavour, I learned to write a suite of programs that encompass the main facets of business computing. I was able to obtain an in-depth knowledge of a formal coding language. I have been able to produce relevant documentation in support of the developed system. With the preparation of the projects, I have learned the efforts time required to prepare a professional system. I gained knowledge about different phases methodology of a project, which supports both the system development operation and support stages of the system life cycle. Hence with the development of this system, I understood the real need and value of having 3-tier Architecture System. I learnt that coding is only small part of system development and that greater effort should be placed in understanding the business requirements. Understanding business need is a challenge and getting application built to suit it is a whole lot another field by it self 14. References Reference Books Jeffrey L. Whitten, Lonnie D. Bentley, Kevin C. Dittman, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, Fifth Edition Roger S. Pressman, Ph.D., Software Engineering A Practitioners Approach, Fifth Edition Visual Studio 2008 Professional (ASP.Net)

Tension in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Susan Hills The Woman in Black :: English Literature

Tension in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" and Susan Hill's "The Woman in Black" Tension is created in both Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" and Susan hills "the woman in black" but in a different way. In Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein" tension is created by the settings, most horror story's are. Both novels create tension in there settings by using the power of imagination and the unknown. Central to both the plots is the idea of dreams and nightmares. Both Frankenstein and the women in black were set at night and both in isolated areas. Frankenstein was set in an isolated building in Ingolstadt, Switzerland "on a dreamy night of November" "as the rain pattered dismally against the panes". This creates tension as she is using the horror of the unknown in the isolated building. "Candle was nearly burnt out." Mary Shelley also creates tension in her novel by using the description she does when the creature has just been created, "His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath his hair were of a lustrous black and flowing". The way he describes this creature clearly gives you the impression it is evil. In the novel Frankenstein after the creature is created the man takes pity and is disgusted with what he has created, "The beauty of the dream vanished" For creating a creature that will have to live his life knowing that he was a creation. This is where the tension starts to build and the creature decides to take revenge on the one who created him, "Evil will have its revenge". However in "the woman in black" her appearance is not described very much. Susan hill does however describe the look on her face as 'as a desperate, yearning malevolence; it was as though she was searching for something she wanted, needed- must have, more then life itself, and which had been taken from her. This helps prepares the reader in

Helen Keller: Author, Lecturer, Political Activist Essay -- Biography,

Helen Keller is one of the most inspirational people in American history. She had to overcome physical disabilities and many other obstacles to live the life that she did. Keller was born on June 27, 1880 in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her parents, Arthur Keller and Kate Adams, both served for the Confederates in the Civil War (Thompson, 2003). Like most parents, they were ecstatic when Keller was born. At 18 months old, she was a happy, healthy baby already learning to say her first few words. However, one morning, she woke up with an extremely high fever and had to go to the hospital. The doctor told her parents she had a serious illness know as â€Å"acute congestion of the stomach and brain.† This illness caused her to lose her sight and hearing for the rest of her life (Wilkie, 1969). She was unable to communicate with anyone and was shut off from the entire world. For years, Keller would just hang on to her mother’s skirt to get around and feel of people’s hands to try to find out what they were doing. She learned to do quite a few things this way including milk a cow and knead the dough bread. She learned to recognize people by feeling their face and clothes. By the age of six, Keller had made up 60 different signs to communicate with her family (Keller, 1988). She was a bright child, but she started getting frustrated and angry that she could not talk and began throwing temper tantrums. The family knew they had to do something to help the child, so they began looking for a teacher. In March of 1886, 21 year old Anne Sullivan arrived at the Keller’s house; she immediately began teaching Keller how to communicate by spelling letters into her hand. A month after Sullivan arrived, Keller had a big breakthrough in c... ...to the National Statuary Hall Collection (Wilkie, 1992). Keller has even had multiple films made of her life story. Keller was an author, lecturer, political activist, and an individual that many Americans will never forget. She conquered multiple obstacles and rose above her disabilities to gain international fame. Her dedication allowed her to help other disabled people live fuller lives. The struggles she had to overcome prove to people that if they put their mind to it, they can accomplish anything. Works Cited Forrest, Ellen. Helen Keller. Tucson: Learning Page, 2005. Print. Keller, Helen. The Story of My Life. New York: Bantam Dell, 1988. Thompson, Gare, and Nancy Harrison. Who Was Helen Keller? New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 2003. Print. Wilkie, Katharine E. Helen Keller: From Tragedy to Triumph. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc., 1969.

Speech on Happiness :: Happiness Essays

Today I am here to discuss a topic with you but I don’t know where to start. If I ask you, "Is Money a Prerequisite for Happiness?", how would you answer? Your answer should be NO. Definitely NO. But is this truly what you believe? Is this consistent with how you act? All of us want to make money to gain some status, some comfort and some luxurious. This money has brought; is bringing; and will bring so many differences between some of you and me. These differences will be later named as differences between the rich and the poor. If I ask you ‘Do you know what is happiness? You would thrillingly and pleasingly answer me YES, OF Course Then lets share some examples of the happiest man. One would experience happiness when a leads a luxurious life. One may also experience happiness when he had expanded his business almost across the globe. One may also experience happiness when he had his meal in the most famous and expensive hotel. One may also experience happiness when he attends honorable parties. One can’t imagine an ideal life like this. But don’t you feel I have missed out something in the above examples – yes, I have thereby missed out the actual meaning of happiness. No one can tell which philosopher in his writings has mentioned money to be as happiness. Which dictionary ever explains money to be a synonym of happiness? Which mathematician has ever given up a formula - LIFE + MONEY = HAPPINESS. None of the scientists ever brought up a formula – Money when given up at 100 degree Celsius gives you (Happiness)2 When none of us has ever come across such words and formulas, none of the great personalities has ever mentioned it, then who the hell has instilled it in our minds that money brings happiness. But among this debate one question still raises its head - What is happiness? Happiness is not actually leading a luxurious life but the luxury of living a life. Happiness is not actually about expanding your business, but it lies in expanding the horizons of life. Happiness is not having a meal in the most famous restaurant but to have it with your most beloved family. It does not lie in attending honorable parties but to attend a party with honor. Happiness is to wear a smile when it feels like crying.

A Bridge to Wiseman’s Cove: James Moleney Essay

Carl Matt – Carl is 15 years of age and is described as a low self-esteemed and obese child. He is the second eldest of the three Matt siblings (Sarah, Carl and Harley). Carl’s mother, Kerry, abandons him and his two other siblings, this makes him feel neglected and at the same time worried for his mother’s well being as she is nowhere to be found. Throughout the story, Carl struggles through many obstacles, however with the help of his new friends soon to meet, he is able to grow and become more confident about himself and towards others. Kerry Matt -Kerry Matt is the mother of the main protagonist, Carl. She is also the mother of Sarah, (Carl’s older Sister) and Harley, (Carl’s younger Brother). Throughout the novel, It is said that Kerry usually leaves her kids behind for more than a day. But when she left again she never came back. Harley Matt – Carl’s younger brother. He is constantly getting into trouble. He gets into fights, steals and gets caught doing graffiti. Skip Duncan – Owner of the barge Carl works on and wife to Joy. Skip initially is reluctant to hire Carl as he is a Matt, but begins to trust and eventually rely on him. Skip is bossy and stubborn, and earns little income from his business of ferrying cars across the cove. [1] Joy Duncan – Skip Duncans wife she is a Kind, Loving motherly figure. Carl Matt is an awkward, lumpy fifteen year-old who just wants to be loved. Sarah, Carl and Harley’s fathers all walked out on the family and their mother, Kerry often finds them too hard to cope with. When his mother walks out on the family, apparently for good, nineteen year-old Sarah, terrified of the responsibility of raising the two boys, heads toEurope, packing the boys off to stay with their Aunt Beryl in Wattle Beach. Beryl is less than delighted at the idea of taking in the boys, until she realizes that she can keep their social services payments. However, far from filling the role of their mother, she shows the boys no love and even attempts to keep Harley chained to the house to prevent him stealing and misbehaving. Carl is miserable in Wattle Beach . His size and awkwardness make him feel self-conscious and unable to make friends at school. Even the townspeople of Wattle Beach regard the boys with suspicion, believing all the Matt clan to be useless no-hopers. All Carl wants is a family and the security of knowing that he is loved. When, at sixteen, Carl stops receiving any social security benefits, Beryl forces him to leave school. He finds work with Skip and Joy Duncan who run a rusty run-down barge from Wattle Bay to the nearby island. When Carl first starts to work for them the business is losing money, largely because of competition from a rival barge company. Before long however, Carl, reveling in finally belonging to something, shows initiative and helps to bring trade to the struggling business. He even begins to find the courage to stand up to his uncaring, manipulative Aunt Beryl. But, just as Carl begins to experience happiness, family secrets come back to haunt him and again bring his world crashing down around him. Finally the truth is revealed and Carl is forced to confront many of his demons. Gradually he begins to let down his defences and allow others in, finally accepting himself as a loved and valued member of the community.

Law Revision

She care for her own self interest and has not bring a new product opportunity to FAA Case: Re Come 191 1 Fact: A father had been assisted in his business by his second son. After the father's death, the mother transferred the business assets to that second son. After her death, the elder son sought the transfer Of those assets back into her estate, saying that in the absence of her having taken independent advice, the younger son's position brought an implication of undue influence.Director's fiduciary duties are owed only to the company, not to the individual share holders. Case: Percival v Wright 1902 Facts: Percival wished to sell his shares in the company and wrote to the company secretary asking if he knew f anyone willing to buy. After negotiations, the chairman of the board of directors arranged the purchase of 253 shares, 85 for himself and 84 for each of his fellow directors at a price based on Percival valuation of the shares. The transfers were approved by the board and t he transactions completed.Soon afterwards, Percival discovered that prior to and during the negotiations for the sale of his shares, another person was negotiating with the board for the purchase of the whole company and was offering various prices for shares, all of which exceeded the price paid to Percival. Percival then brought n action against the directors asking for the sale of his shares to be set aside for non-disclosure. Held: The directors are not trustee for the individual shareholders and may purchase their shares without disclosing that they are negotiating for the sale of the entire company.Fruity has not informed to the board of FAA when she set up a company called Cure Life Ltd (CLC) and become majority shareholder. Case: The board of trustees of the Saba Foundation & Or's v Dates Seed chick bin Seed Mohamed & nor [1 999] ‘A fiduciary is someone who has undertake to act for or on behalf of another in a particular tater in circumstances which give rise to a rela tionship of trust and confidence. The distinguishing obligation of a fiduciary is the obligation of loyalty. The principal is entitled to the single minded loyalty of his fiduciary†¦ This core liability has several facts.A fiduciary must act in good faith; he must not make for his own benefit or the benefit of a third person without the informed consent Of his principal. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list, but it is sufficient to indicate the nature of fiduciary obligations.. They are the defining characteristics of the fiduciary†¦ E is not subject to fiduciary obligations because he is fiduciary; it is because he is subject to them that he is a fiduciary. ‘ The key fide carry obligations of the directors are To act Boniface in the interest of the company Directors are required to act Boniface for the benefit of the company as a whole.The Act also imposes similar duty on directors: SSL 32 (1) Case: Re Lee Barrens Ltd [1932] Facts: A dispute arose over the purchase by the company of pension policies for the benefit of employees and their spouses. It was claimed that the particular policy issued was a misuse of the directors' power. Held: The judge set out a three part test for determining whether the directors were using their powers properly: (1) Was the transaction entered into in good faith? (2) Was the transaction reasonably incidental to the carrying on of the company's business? (3) Was the transaction done for the benefit of the company and to promote its prosperity? 1) No (2) NO (3) Yes TO exercise their power under the company's constitution for proper purpose Because directors are fiduciaries they can only exercise powers given to them for the purpose for which those powers were given and for no other purpose or which those powers were given and for no other purpose, and the exercise of a power for an improper purpose can be challenged even if the directors' good faith is not in question To avoid conflict of interest and not to profit from their position In the situation, Fruity has proposed FAA enters into a contract with CLC to buy supplies of the organic fruit drink product for resale.The board agrees and as part of the contract Fruity negotiates with the board that she will be paid RUMOR,000 commission because she drew the board's attention to this new product opportunity. The board of FAA did not know that Fruity is the majority shareholder of CLC. There is a conflict of interest between the two position Managing Director of Freshness Always Sad Bad and as the majority shareholder of CLC. Fruity also has set up the price for commission of RUMOR,OOH to draw attention towards the new product opportunity.Case: Aberdeen Railway co v Blaine Brose [1843-60] Facts: The railway company agreed to buy chairs from a partnership, Blaine Brose. Blaine, a member of the partnership was also a director of the company. When the partners tried to enforce the contract the company successfully claimed that the contra ct was avoidable owing to the director's conflict of interest. Held: Lord Charwoman said: â€Å"His duty to the company imposed on him the obligation of obtaining these iron chairs at the lowest possible price.His personal interest would let him in an entirely opposite direction – would induce him to fix the price as high as possible. This is the very evil against which the rule is directed. † A director has a duty not to make a personal profit out of his connection with the company. This rule applies even if no loss is suffered by the company. However, if he does he must count for the profit to the company. Fruity has make a personal profit in connection with FAA and CLC. The FAA may suffer no loss due to FAA makes large profits selling the organic green product.Case: Industrial Development Consultants Ltd v Cooley [1 972] Facts: The managing director of IDS attempted to secure a contract on Id's behalf with the Eastern Gas Board. KGB indicated to him that they were n ot prepared to deal with IDS but might be prepared to contract with the director (Cooley) personally. Cooley then represented to IDS that he was ill and was allowed to terminate his contract t short notice. He then negotiated with KGB and obtained the consultancy for himself. Held: He must account to IDS for the profit he obtained for the contracts.He was in breach of duty and it was immaterial that IDS could not have obtained the contract itself. Case: Cook v Deeds [1 91 6] Facts: Three directors of the Toronto Construction Co Ltd were supposed to be negotiating a construction contract on behalf of the company. Instead they formed another company and took the Contract for themselves. They were holders of 75% of the share capital of Toronto Construction, and used this charity to pass a resolution at general meeting that the company had no interest in the contract.Held: A director can normally keep a personal profit the company consents, but this consent is invalid if the director co ncerned controls the voting at general meeting. This was fraud on the minority. Section 131 (1) requires a director who is directly or indirectly interested in a contract with his company to declare promptly the nature of that interest at meeting of directors. Section 132(1) imposes a broad duty on directors at all the times to act honestly and exercise reasonable diligence in the exercise of heir power and the discharge of the duties of their office.This is based on a question of fact: case Yen Hinge enterprise Sad Bad v Dates Dry Eng pooh Aka [1 988] Regarding the extend of the meaning of â€Å"honesty', the case of Multi Pack Singapore pet Ltd ( In Receivership ) v Interact Ltd & Or's [1994] explains that this does not mean that the directors had acted fraudulently, it means that he must act bona fide in the interests of the company and that in exercising his creation, the director should act only to promote and advance the interest of the company'. Misuse of confidential inform ation

Prospects for the Future of Liberal Democracy in Libya

Following the death of the infamous former Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Qaddafi former Libyan leader, a lot of debates and concerns have been raised worldwide about the future of the nation. A range of issues from social, economic, religious and political are being raised and the big question seems to be, what next? After years of authoritarian rule and with the ‘enemy’ finally out of the picture, the Libyan government faces different prospects for its development and in this essay I will be looking at different possibilities for the nation in relation to the promotion of liberal democracy.Currently under a transitional government, Libya stands the chance to embrace change and adopt what may be considered by some as positive western ideals. According to a Freedom house report â€Å"another country that endured decades of brutal misrule, Libya, now has the potential for significant gains thanks to the overthrow of al-Qadhafi. † (Puddington, 2012) Democracy has at no other time in history been knocking at the doors of many political regimes and with voices calling not only from foreigners but also from indigenous citizens it would be very hard to ignore the relevance that democracy plays in our modern day society.Over the past year especially, the world has witnessed many political resistance campaigns; what is now popularly referred to as the Arab Spring has flooded the news very often and one common outcry from these people is the need for change. One might wonder what fuelled this uprising from the people to demand new leadership, in my educate d opinion, decades of authoritarian rule, human rights abuses, oppression on opposition and the inability of people to speak freely amongst others have all led to this desire for change. Before delving into the prospects for democracy in Libya, I feel it will be essential to underline what democracy entails.Robert Dahl in his book ‘On democracy’ lists various desirable features of a dem ocratic society as follows: †¢Control of military and police by elected officials. †¢Democratic beliefs and political culture †¢No strong foreign control hostile to democracy †¢A modern market economy and society †¢Weak subcultural pluralism (Dahl, 2005) Based on this it is fair to say that liberal democracy demands the inclusion of people, it believes in equality and fairness and encourages the notion of two (or many) heads being better than one.However it is also true that democracy is not the only route for stability, in reality â€Å"the highest risk of political crisis lies in the middle ground between authoritarianism and democracy† (Goldstone, 2005) I believe a democratic and representative government can be attainable in Libya despite being broken into various sects for close to fifty years. Both pro and anti Qaddafi forces can push Libya forward but as to whether this will mature fully into a liberal democracy is tricky. The prospects for Lib ya would look bleak especially when considered from the perspective of historical precedents.In the Libyan case, several factors cement this view. To begin with, Libya is a society filled with many different tribes. From what might be considered extreme Islamists, to the more moderate ones, to the presence of Christians and then other religious and secular divisions the presence of diversity in terms of culture or beliefs could either hinder or promote liberal democracy. In other parts of the continent, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, this situation has been witnessed before but â€Å"among the most important lessons to emerge is the importance of avoiding factionalism. (Goldstone, 2005) Take Rwanda for example, where Hutu’s and Tutsi rebels have shed blood over conflicting tribalistic views. In places where there is a vast difference in opinions, quite often people tend to disagree rather than agree and in order for democracy to prevail it is mandatory that people learn to compromise and agree for the better of the people. In the eastern part of the nation, we can find the current ruling rebels and in the West where Sirte is located there is a stronger presence of pro Qaddafi forces or loyalists. In order for democracy to take place it will take a combined effort from the North to South and East to West.A scholar who has engaged in different studies of transitional governments, Professor Michael Greig made several observations on the Libyan scenario, he bases his conclusions from his studies on transitions over the last 170 years of history and notes that the more diverse a society is, the less stable new regimes tend to be. (Coleman, 2011)With the murder of the former leader, the fear for this transition to be peaceful of fairly smooth is that loyalists might try to hold reprisal attacks, there could be various terror attacks even on innocent victims and militants, leaders, or officials under the former regime might strongly esist cooperating with t he new government and this will undermine attempts to achieve a sound and stable democratic environment. Should this occur, it could lead to an indefinite civil war and the country which already seems to be broken down into various fragments could end up losing more lives, it could also deter foreign investment and trade and regardless of the large oil reserve the country has, it could still have serious economic implications such as higher inflation rates.On the political front also, as to how confident citizens are in the government and how effect institutions being put in place will benefit the nation, only time will tell. Indeed Libyans have been shown a glimmer of hope since the death of their former leader however can they be guaranteed that another Qaddafi will not surface? â€Å"And while Libya has benefited greatly from the demise of the Qadhafi dictatorship, the country confronts an array of daunting political and security challenges, and has yet to hold its first electio ns†. Puddington, 2012)The Libyan people understandably seem to have trust issues in their new government and with this lack of trust, the people might not be too welcoming to the new rules or laws that might be put in place. Should they not have faith in the new government for too long they could be a coup d’Etat or some other form of uprising. Unrest could take place and this could just mean that democracy will fail yet again. Furthermore, there are serious doubts about how women, former members of the Qaddafi government and minorities will fare in the new order.The role of women is essential in achieving a liberal democracy. Women can be instrumental in broadening the parameters of democratic participation. They can challenge and sensitize others about the preconceived notions of what Islam can entail in a liberal democracy. For example, in Turkey, women activists achieved this to within the Islamist Refah (Welfare) Party. Libya has no democratic role models in the Ar ab world from whom to seek mentorship.One main factor that the people of Libya have going in their favour is the fact that when they finally decided to come out and rebel against their long term leader they were not influenced by the western nations or the international community as a whole. The effort was undoubtedly from within the very borders of the country and throughout the country there were many cries which eventually fell unto the ears of the international community. The freedom house report confirms this by stating â€Å"America’s firmness in assisting NATO’s Libyan campaign was an important step.After initial hesitation, the administration has also cautiously supported the process of building democratic systems in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. † (Puddington 2012) The Libyans did indeed capture and kill Muammar Qaddafi with the help of NATO forces however they initially started the movement and asked for help to take power away from Qaddafi. The significa nce of this is that there are dependency theorists for example who believe that the western world continues to infiltrate third world nations and prevents them from standing on their own but in this particular case that can be debunked.The issue of neocolonialism at least at the time that the uprising in Libya took place was arguably not present or wasn’t the main driving force and this means that the people of Libya do indeed have a voice of their own and will not be coerced into making policies or vital decisions presented to them by countries like the United Kingdom and United States of America. Liberal democracy therefore can eventually be introduced and maintained in a society like this where the people have a voice and do what they believe and agree together is best rather than allowing external forces to impose laws on them.Another positive factor about Libya which should well favour the nation is that due to its large oil reserves and the fact that they are a major ex porter of oil to different parts of the world, they have a more attractive economy as compared to others in the Arab spring. It is common for nations to establish and develop their political and democratic institutions before any significant change is seen in the economy, however the presence of an already good and healthy economy makes it fairly easier for the presence of democracy.The important thing here would be to have competent people in government to take key and important decisions and also to manage the resources of the nation well. When this is done and the citizens see an even better improvement in the economy it will build their confidence in the government and promote more civilian participation (a very important feature for liberal democracy). With higher literacy rates than other African nations (Puddington, 2012) and with the introduction of new laws for the land Libya in the future can definitely be a success story.To reiterate what has been mentioned above in this essay there is a fair possibility of the existence of a liberal democracy in Libya. It is important to note that â€Å"remarkably, after several years of assembling and sifting data , the panel found that economic , ethnic , and regional effect shave only a modest impact on a country’s risk of political instability. Rather, stability is overwhelmingly determined by a country’s patterns of political competition and political authority. (Goldstone, 2005). Although Libya is a country that is divided along tribal lines, it also has a good educated population and a decent economic growth. Research has shown that economic, regional and ethnic effects only have a modest effect on a country’s risk of political instability and â€Å"clearly, what â€Å"works† in establishing a stable democracy is moving toward a political system with completely open and fully competitive parties that maintains strong checks on executive authority. (Goldstone, 2005) Stability is hugely determined by the prevailing patterns of political authority and competition. The key to maintaining stability lies in the following 1. making democratic institutions that promote open and fair competition 2. Avoiding political polarization and factionalism 3. Imposing substantial measures against abuse of executive power Furthermore, wealth and few or no communal tensions help, but a country does not need wealth or a homogenous population to achieve stability.The fact of Libya having a well educated population also aids in its capability for liberal democracy. Educated people tend to hold liberal views and be more tolerant of divergent views. In the case of Libya, there exist factors that are in its favour in terms of achieving a liberal democracy. In addition, its oil reserves and a wealthy treasury are assets that can be used to build democratic institutions and improve capacity building in its current institutions. The enactment of laws that curb excesses by the executive will be huge boost in this direction.Thus, the prospects of democracy in Libya are not so bleak when considering its wealthy treasury and its small and talented population which have proven that they possess a voice to speak out for the promotion of a good agenda in Libya. Unlike poorer countries who may have to seek external funding to support their democratic initiatives, it need not do so. It has the necessary capital to start a wide range of socio-economic programs aimed towards a liberal democracy.For now, the rebel leaders seem to be receiving acceptable levels of support from the populace and this among other factors serve as crucial pointers that the prospects of a liberal democratic Libya are real. To conclude, we deduce from the above highlighted points that democratic development in Libya is faced with numerous challenges, political and economic, internal and external of long year’s authoritarian regimes, coupled with bad governance, fear of mismanagement of accum ulated capital and mass participation, non-conducive investor atmosphere and a shield from the West.At a minimum, the core elements of developing political democracy are: A strong, pluralistic civil society independent of state control and able to hold government accountable; Regular and effective mechanisms to choose and to change representatives, governments, and policies by non-violent means; wide dispersion of economic resources and state commitment to broadly distributed human development; The rule of law incorporating the principles of the supremacy of the law, equality before the law, and the impartial and fair administration of the law; Strong institutions and an international environment which supports, or at least not harmful to, the above element. This is what Africa and other emerging liberal democracies need in achieving political and economic development of this ‘new world order’ regime.

In The Shadow of the Glen Essay

In the shadow of the Glen was written by J M Synge in 1914. Even before it was shown to anybody it caused arguments within the Irish Society because some people thought the play was shocking and unpatriotic and was an insult against Irish womanhood. The main point of the play was to celebrate Irish culture and Irish writers but it seemed to turn against Synge. In the shadow of the Glen have four main characters in it. Nora Burke is the only female in the play and is very seductive and flirtatious. He is the wife of Dan Burke who was a farmer and a shepherd. There is Michael Dara whom has a small part in the play yet has an important role. He comes across to the audience as young and naive. And the last is the tramp that represents the audience and knows of Dan’s plot and also knows of secondary characters like Darcy. He is shown as a good character that wants to help people. Nora is a character that has a relationship with everyone. She has a relationship with her husband, a relationship with the tramp whom she invites in her house and talks to throughout the play and she has a relationship with Michael Dara, a young shepherd whom she wants to marry. She also has relationships with the secondary characters such as Darcy – a man that was â€Å"in her life and had made her happy when she was lonely.† She has a relationship with Mary Brien and Peggy Cavanagh, whom she refers to near the end of the play and they probably spent their childhood together. In the beginning Nora is presented as a lonely character whose husband has just died. She is middle aged and has had a bad marriage with her husband. She has had an affair with a man called Darcy and never loved Dan. â€Å"What way would I live, and I an old woman, if I didn’t marry a man with a bit of a farm, and cows on it, and sheep on the back hills?† in this quote you can see that she only got married to Dan for land and security. In the play when the scene is set, Nora is moving around the kitchen lighting candles on the table which sets a romantic mood for when Michael comes when a knock is heard on the door. It makes her jump and she looks at the dead body of her husband uneasily. She then opens the door. This opening scene pulls you into the story, as you want to know why she has candles on the table and why she looks at the body uneasily and why there is a dead body in the kitchen. You want to find out the answers to your questions. In this part of the play Nora comes across to the audience as suspicious as she is continually looking at the body with troubled looks. Nora invites the tramp that is knocking at the door into her house and gives him whisky and tobacco. She comes across as being flirtatious towards the tramp and as if she is trying to get something from him. The tramp sees the body and comments on Dan’s â€Å"queer† look, which Nora then jokes about – â€Å"He was always queer, stranger, and I suppose them that’s queer and they living men will be queer bodies after†. She isn’t sad about his death and treats it as a joke. This unsettles the audience and the tramp. In this situation Nora should be sad and maybe tearful. She would not have let the tramp in, or if she did then she wouldn’t have spoken to him much, and just given him what he asked for. Nora then tells the tramp that she can’t move or touch the body as he has put a â€Å"black curse† on her. This also comes across as suspicious and raises questions in the audience’s minds. It comes across that they have been having problems – â€Å"for he lay a black curse on me this morning if I’d touch his body the time he’d die sudden, or let anyone touch it except his sister only† one question in the audience’s mind at this point would be why would he only let his sister touch him and not his own wife? This fits in with why Nora is not very sad about Dan’s death. Nora then supports this idea by commenting on Dan being cold towards her and that he was a horrible person that complained with this quote, â€Å"Maybe cold would be no sign of death with the like of him, for he was always cold, every day since I knew him†¦ and every night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It seems to the audience and the tramp that she is sad that they were never loving towards each other and it raises another question in the audience’s mind that maybe she was regretting it. She then lightens the mood and offers the tramp the whisky and Dan’s pipe. The tramp and Nora get talking and Nora tells the tramp that she is sacred of being alone, â€Å"I’m thinking many would be afeard, but I never knew what way I’d be afeard of beggar or bishop or of any man of you at all†¦ It’s other things than the like of you, stranger as if you were easily afeard.† The question then in the audience’s mind is does she want something? or is she indicating something? The tramp then talks about Darcy, and Nora, who we know later has an affair with Darcy, is interested in what the tramp has to say about him, and enquires about him. The tramp then describes when and where he met Darcy and how he got to know him. When he tramp talks about Darcy’s death Nora shows some sad emotion and speaks â€Å"sorrowfully†. This shows she is sadder about Darcy’s death then her own husbands. She looks at the bed and speaks more quietly to the tramp about â€Å"after Darcy died she got happy again†. This indicates she is having another affair and that she cannot talk about Darcy around Dan, even if he is dead. This portrays Nora as being an unfaithful wife to Dan as she was having an affair with Darcy whilst he was alive and having one in his last few days or months. She changes the subject and asks if there was anyone else on the road. When the tramp tells her a young man was running after his sheep Nora gives a â€Å"half smile† and is intrigued. She asks about how far he was as if she wanted to meet him. She fills a kettle and puts it in fire to make some tea as if she is expecting someone. We know she is not making tea for the tramp as he has his whisky. So this proves she is expecting someone. She asks the tramp to stay with Dan. We now know this was why she was flirting with him and giving him their best whisky and cigars. In line 42 Nora speaks in â€Å"constraint† – as if she was holding back some enthusiasm to meet the young man but the tramp is uneased and wants to go himself. He doesn’t want to be left alone with the dead body. He continually looks at the dead body after Nora has gone and when she goes he tries to occupy his mind with sewing. After Dan jumps up we know that Dan is trying to trick Nora and that he is very bitter about Nora’s affair with Darcy. We know this as in line 57, the stage instructions tell us that Dan should â€Å"bitterly† say Darcy’s name. In the stage directions it is said you hear a long whistle from outside. This is Nora attracting the young man’s attention. Dab hears this and speaks â€Å"fiercely† in an ashamed way about his wife. He then takes a stick and then goes back to being dead. In this scene where Dan is alive the audience sympathise with Dan, as Nora is not sad about his death and very excited about meeting Michael. When Nora enters the house with Michael, Nora asks about Dan and if he made any sign of being alive. This may be because she suspects Dan of not being dead or just because she is being polite. The tramp lies, as he wants to see what will happen next. Nora then tries to get the tramp to leave the two alone and flirts with him a little by inviting him to use the bed, which could indicate something, â€Å"will you go into the little room and stretch yourself a short while on the bed†. But the tramp pretends to go to sleep nearby so he can hear. Michael is jealous of this and challenges the tramp a little. Once the tramp is asleep, Nora teases Michael and asks him why she should marry him. She is playing hard to get and in line 88 when she says, â€Å"It’s a hard woman I am to please this day, Michael Dara, and its no lie I am telling you.† She tells him about not wanting to be alone and that she wants to be secure and safe. During this time Michael is counting out money. This can be for two reasons – one to get more money or two to have an excuse for marrying Dan. This may be because she feels ashamed of herself and tries to find an excuse to make herself feel better. She aimlessly talks about money and not wanting to end up like a tramp roaming around streets and Michael is trying to console her. She is tempting him with whisky when Dan wakes up. Michael puts arm around her as if he is trying to prove himself when Dan sneezes. Michael is then very scared and begs for forgiveness. When Dan wants to throw Nora out he can only offer a refuge but not at his house. At this Nora is very scared a she would be alone and starts to flirt with Dan. This could be because she thinks if she flirts with him and shows him that she loves him the he would let her stay with him. But when this doesn’t work she curses him. This shows that she is using him and that she doesn’t love him. At the end the tramp to help Nora and they walk out. Nora does not enjoy the idea of not living in a house with no roof over her head as she explains to the tramp, â€Å"I’m thinking it’s myself will be wheezing that time with lying down under the Heavens when the night is cold,† and that she does not appreciate the tramp’s description of the magic of a grand morning when she describes to the tramp â€Å"What good is a grand morning when I’m destroyed surely, and I going out to get my death walking on the roads.† Nora obviously found her punishment unfair as she thought Dan was dead. She did not to be lonely and financially unstable so she acted on this thought alone. I think the writer presented her character well as it was a hard role to write. She had a lot of emotions, which were hard to display, but the point was clear.