Dracula Transformation Essay

Shadow of the Vampire is a post-modern text which is a reconstruction of Dracula, a novel by Bram Stoker, and Nosferatu a film directed by F. W. Murnau. The use of intertexuality in Shadow of the Vampire is a key aspect which allows it to echo; themes, the gothic mode and issues that are present in the other two texts. Through a clear pastiche, Merhige produces a new text from the old. Immortality is a key theme which has been subverted from the physical sense through sucking blood, as it’s represented in Dracula, to the spiritual sense through art by producing a perfect film which will outlast and entertain many generations. Bram Stoker uses many motifs such as the; wafer, stake, crucifix and garlic flowers to demonstrate the Count’s immortality as these reoccurring symbols show the limited objects that can rid of a vampire, emphasizing his strength and power. Although these symbols are all present and continual in Shadow (‘crosses aren’t for decoration’- villager says to Murnau), they don’t portray the immortality, instead Merhige uses film techniques to replace the language techniques of Dracula. The zoom in of the camera is an example as it shows the deep expression and desperation of Murnau to achieve his perfect picture and effectively his immortality. Dialogue and particular quotes make his goal obvious; ‘our memory won’t blur or fade’ and ‘context that will last like the graves’ and also shows his obsession to earn immortality. Murnau’s obsession with his picture in Shadow causes him to turn into the mad protagonist of the film and instead all our sorrowful emotions become aimed at Count Orlock, who is a poor and weak replication of the vampiristic image set by Dracula1. In Dracula the protagonist (being the Count) also becomes obsessed with immortality and the female characters (Mina and Lucy) as he repeatedly visits them; the illicit love that Dracula has for these women adds to the terror and gothic romance of the novel. As the female characters become threatened and distressed by the Count, they add to the suspenseful and mysterious atmosphere and engage the reader as they share similar emotions; 2 the female character of Greta in Shadow is a resonance of this distress as she is unknowingly affected by the presence of Orlock which causes her to turn to drug abuse to deal with it (does too Murnau and the producer). Greta is also unknowingly being distressed by the camera itself which acts as a symbol for an oppressive male protagonist which contains characteristics of Dracula: her naive comment; ‘theatre gives me life, this thing only takes it away’, is an example of irony and also foreshadows future events and feelings; such as she subconsciously knows it (like her other comments) but instead of acting upon it she again turns to drugs to avoid the fact. Murnau’s obsession is proven by his willingness to use other people as sacrifices, most notably Greta as he makes a deal with Orlock for her life. The flashbacks of Greta (before she is fed upon) causes shock to the viewer as the quotes like; ‘consider it a sacrifice for your art’ and ‘make the ultimate sacrifice for love’ cause the emotions of: sorrow, horror and excitement to flourish as the viewer realises Murnau’s ambition from the start and its inevitability. These quotes are well-crafted examples of foreshadowing and irony. His obsession with his art is continuously shown throughout as he makes ridiculous demands and is easily aggravated, such as when the photographer was bitten by Orlock, Murnau exclaimed; ’’lack of enthusiasm, I told you to fix it’’. In Dracula sacrifice is dominantly practiced in a positive way with the heroic group making many sacrifices to finally reach their goal of destroying Dracula; (however, this heroic group is omitted in Shadow and is the primary reason for Murnau’s success). Arthur sacrifices his love for Lucy to save her soul and his own, but as a result he must kill her gruesomely; also, the men (Morris, Billington, Van Helsing and Seward) sacrifice their blood in transfusions to keep Lucy alive. This is foreshadowed by Lucy as she previously exclaimed ‘if only I could have them all’ when she was deciding her lover between these men; this gives the blood sexuality to it (sexual innuendo) and this is an example of gothic romance with the presence of rival lover and multiple suitors. This sexuality of the blood is present in quotes such as: ‘the girl went on her knees†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and ‘away with you, he’s mine’ and these show the ruling and empowerment of the male characters in a patriarchal society. The sexuality given to blood in Dracula is again subtly echoed into Shadow of the Vampire, with Orlock’s lust and desperation for Greta being portrayed in the sexual sense as he is given blood from bats and other sources throughout the film but none satisfied him like Greta with him falling asleep soon after to lighten the mood with black humour before the action-packed ending is aroused. The mysterious atmosphere that is obvious in all three texts is similarly brought about through the usage of slightly subverted gothic elements and techniques. The empty and ruined castle setting of Dracula is important to setting the original supernatural/gothic tone that the novel continues throughout: as shown by Jonathan Harker’s diary entries; ‘the castle is a veritable prison and I am a prisoner! and ‘doors everywhere, locked and bolted’. Additionally, the position of the castle adds to the mystery; ‘just on the borders of three states†¦ portions of Europe’ as these names aren’t familiar to us. Shadow of the Vampire incorporates this setting as; small rooms, caves and an abandoned monastery are all used in the majority of the film and the transition of filming from the developed west to the unknown and strange east (Helgoland). Both texts also use the dark of night to represent the dark, supernatural tone that each are setting: Stoker uses the sun as a symbol of protection from evil (the dark) and is evident in comments of Mina; ‘I keep waiting till the sun†¦ be to me a safety’ and ‘that beautiful sun†¦ life was to me again’. Shadow of the Vampire sets most of its scenes in the dark and uses images of the silhouetted moon and shadows together with eerie background music to make the viewer feel uncomfortable and scared like the characters. Shadow uses haunting sounds like thunder and howling in night scenes to give the supernatural sense (in the same way Nosferatu does); which is an echo of the onomatopoeia used by Stoker such as; ‘muffled roar’ and ‘howling of dogs’. Both texts also make use of the gothic palette as a dominator of the colours used because they give the sense of age (grey), danger (red) or evil (black) which are essential to the quick-shifting moods as they hint to the audience what’s coming up next. Overall, the incorporation of a post-modern style and the subversion and inclusion of themes, issues and gothic elements from Nosferatu and Dracula were crucial to the success and transformation of Shadow of the Vampire. The continual success of this film is due to its excellent depiction of vampires and their nature which can be evident in modern day life and in the character of people; which has never been paralleled as it’s so ‘ferociously original’.

Monroe Clock Company

Assignment #1 The problem that is brought to our attention would be an argument between Monroe Company executives. Jim, the Ceo, believes that the product should use plant wide manufacturing overhead, which brings the retail sale of the product to $29. 40/per unit. Meanwhile frank, the Sale Manager, believes the product should not absorb the entire manufacturing overhead and be based off the variable cost it incurs and sold at $16. 00/per unit.The issue occurs when deciding whether to choose between variable costing, not including fixed cost, which is usually acceptable on small orders, or choosing absorption costing which includes a portion of the fixed costs. Of course choosing between the two different costing approaches makes a big difference in this case. One keeps the product above market price while the other cuts the competitors prices by 20%. With out thinking you would go with cutting competitors prices and still gaining sales.What to keep in mind is using the variable cost ing approach you aren’t accounting for the manufacturing overhead that the new timer is incurring. It is possible that the new timer isn’t incurring much overhead considering it is simply a new addition to the old timer. The modifications to create the new addition are simple and at low cost because the resources are already there. They did not have to create or purchase a new warehouse because they already had recently purchased one and were going to use it regardless.Other than the initial set up cost of approximately $20000 for tables, lighting and small tools, the other overhead cost would already be accounted for and the new incurred overhead cost would not go beyond the relevant range of fixed cost.. One thing not accounted for in the calculations is the location of the new warehouse. There will clearly be transportation cost because one warehouse is in Texas and the other in Pennsylvania.Of course we don’t know which warehouse will be used but still a cos t to consider. With the new timer absorbing the full manufacturing overhead cost it would of course increase the price of the product almost doubling it but does not run the risk of creating a product that actually has them loosing money in the long run. The variable costing approach of course will create sales and revenue in the short run but in the long run can possibly create losses by not accounting for all the cost actually incurred.My conclusion (due to space restriction) would be to use the variable costing approach due to everything mentioned and one more determining factor. The forecasted sales projection is 50 000 units. At this production level advertising would be $50 000 regardless of how many units they sale. By using the cheaper pricing you are creating a better chance of you getting those sales and after you sell a unit past 50 000 you will be creating more profit because the budget of sales, which is $1. 00 per unit, would be divided among more units.

2 Discussions manage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2 Discussions manage - Essay Example There is a direct supervision of employees who work on projects determined by managers – there is little independence and individual performance is recognized and highly rewarded. Examples of how such a system helps to manage employees and their responsibilities include: provision of knowledge and skills, motivating employees to perform better, encouraging hard work, and building trust and loyalty. Workplace diversity is important to company’s culture and performance because it encourages teamwork. Secondly, it brings together different ideas, knowledge and skills that may be used to improve the performance and productivity of the company (Mondy et al, 2005). Thirdly, workplace diversity enables employees to share different beliefs and attitudes and learn to appreciate other people’s opinions and ideas. My coworker motivated me to perform better for the organization when he confessed to me one day that he had been trying to report to work earlier than me because I used to report to work earlier than anyone else. Therefore, the coworker inspired me by recognizing my efforts. From then on we were the first to report to work and we performed better than ever

Network Topology Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Network Topology Design - Research Paper Example r the case of these increasing numbers of employees, it is recommended for a company to use hierarchical topology where we will have a hierarchical network with one or more powerful server controlling the entire network; departmental server control lower levels of processing and network devices. A good example of this type of network is that of retail clothing with a central computer that stores the data about the sales activity. When it comes to the case of hundred employees or more, one is recommended to use a meshed network with a switch going them and a router (router can be used to connect LANs or WANs) extending the network. This is to make sure that there is efficient communication within the organization or a company. However, when designing a network topology which is a crucial step towards logical design phase of the top down-down networking scheming methodology. In addition, it is important for one to identify networks and interconnection points within it. A flat network t opology is sufficient for very small networks (ten employees or less); with this kind there is no hierarchy, each networking devices has its necessary job. But with the growing numbers of clients, it becomes undesirable, lack of hierarchy make trouble shooting difficult within the organization (Oppernheimer, 2004, p.133). When numbers of clients in organization increase, it recommended for the company to use meshed hierarchical design, there are two types of hierarchical models; partial mesh hierarchical model and full meshed model. In partial meshed hierarchical design, we have the core layers at the headquarters i.e. head of departments followed by the distribution layers. This kind of network topology is recommended for hundred clients in an organization. This model is usually implemented using hubs, with little mesh network among the clients. On the other hand, full meshed network topology can be used to meet the demands of large number of clients (two hundred employees); a good

HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING IN MACDONALD COMPANY Essay

HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING IN MACDONALD COMPANY - Essay Example It revealed the way many companies such as MacDonald Company, which are providing large elements of personal services can achieve success through employing HR planning or development models vital for recruiting, training, retaining and learning process. Under varied development models, the researcher examined in details each aspect such as recruitment process and revealed the way a company can achieve success through recruiting people with required skills necessary for performing certain tasks. It also revealed the significant of training employees and retaining them through employing varied strategies vital for enabling them to manage employee relations. The researcher revealed the way learning process can enable workforce to improve their work related skills vital for increasing organizational productivity. It also provided the effective strategies implemented for positive employee relations, performance management and reward in an organisation. Lastly, the human resource performan ce monitoring techniques used with recommendations for the organisation to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of these operations were examined. The conclusion provided a brief summary of what have been discussed in the research project. Human Resource Planning in MacDonald Company Introduction Human resource planning is basically developing effective strategies in order match the size and skills of workforce vital for achieving organizational needs. The human resource planning process helps the organisation to recruit, retain, train and optimize the employment of the personnel required to match the objective of the company; thus meeting changes in the external environment. There is a need to incorporate the development, training and retaining strategies that the company can use in achieving the stated organisation objectives. MacDonald is one of the largest companies with it’s headquarter located in the United States and also largest global chain of fast food restauran ts. The company serves millions of customers every day in more than 119 countries; thus, human resource planning process is significant in the organisation. Therefore, the project evaluates the recruitment, training, retention and learning, as well as, developing strategies employed by human resource managers in MacDonald Company. HR Planning and/or Development Models The human resource planning is a continual process that attempts to guarantee flexible resourcing related to internal and external environments. An effective HR planning or development model is vital because it will help MacDonald to anticipate possible expected difficulties that might arise in the company (Armstrong, 2006, p. 56). The workforce has changed dramatically for the past decades because of rapid technology advancement and other aspects such as job expectations, ethnicity, family structure, racial composition and many other aspects. Moreover, social developments structure has drastically impacted on the natu re and organizational operations in the HR management such as training, recruitment, retaining, development and management programs. Therefore, the ability to achieve sustained competitive advantage, which is based on the ability to recruit, and retain a committed skilled workforce is crucial (Armstrong, 2006, p. 57). For many business entities such as MacDonald Company and many others, which are providing large elements of personal services, employing HR planning or development models is vital for recruiting, training, retaining and learning process. Recruitment Evaluation process for future recruitments needed in MacDonald Comp

The death Penalty versus Life Without Parole Research Paper

The death Penalty versus Life Without Parole - Research Paper Example 1. Development of capital punishment & life without Parole: Capital punishment or death sentence developed in United States â€Å"as society searched for more humane ways for killing its condemned† & as a substitute of the brutal ways that the society used throughout history to punish the offenders of society (Hess and Orthman 534). It evolved gradually with the â€Å"first electrocution in 1890, the invention of the gas chamber in 1923, the use of a firing squad and the adoption of lethal injections in 1977† (Hess and Orthman 534). Till 2005 â€Å"38 states and the federal government had laws authorizing capital punishment† whereas the minimum age for capital punishment set by 18 states & the federal government following the court’s ruling in Ropper v. Simmons(2005) was 18 (Hess and Orthman 534). Life imprisonment without parole developed in U.S. as a means to portray that the punitive statutory law was strict. As of 1996, 12 states with capital punishmen t had no life without Parole option, 20 six states of U.S. ... Table 1 Life without Parole (LWP) and capital punishment (CP) 1996, of United States (Adapted): States LWP CP State LWP CP Alabama Yes Yes Montana Yes Yes Alaska No No Nebraska Yes Yes Arizona No Yes Nevada Yes Yes Arkansas Yes Yes New Hampshire Yes Yes California Yes Yes New Jersey Yes Yes Colorado No Yes New Mexico No Yes Connecticut Yes Yes New York No Yes States LWP CP State LWP CP Delaware Yes Yes N. Carolina No Yes Florida Yes Yes North Dakota No No Georgia Yes Yes Ohio No Yes Hawaii Yes No Oklahoma Yes Yes Idaho Yes Yes Oregon Yes Yes Illinois Yes Yes Pennsylvania Yes Yes Indiana No Yes Rhode Island Yes No Iowa Yes No S. Carolina Yes Yes Kansus No Yes South Dakota Yes Yes Kentucky No Yes Tennessee No Yes Lousiana Yes Yes Texas No Yes Maine Yes No Utah Yes Yes Source: Keith D. Harries, and Deral Cheatwood, The geography of execution: the capital punishment quagmire in America.(Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997) 110. Print. In the table 1, it can be seen that 34 states out of 38 states accept capital punishment as a means of punishment to its offenders that is 89% (Approx.) of the total no of states. Whereas, in case of life imprisonment without Parole 25 states out of 38 states accept it as a means of punishment, thus amounting to 67% (Approx.) of the total no. of states. Hence, it can be noted that capital punishment had greater acceptance as a means of punishment in comparison to life imprisonment without parole. 3. Differentiation between capital punishment & life imprisonment without parole, as a means of punishment: In case of capital punishment the prisoner is permanently incapacitated from doing any harm to the society, whereas life imprisonment without Parole does not prevent the offenders from harming the inmates of the prison &

Health IT to improve the quality and safety of medication management Essay

Health IT to improve the quality and safety of medication management - Essay Example The purpose of this study is to explore the type of health IT that has been integrated in health centers to improve the quality of health care offered to the patients. It is also aimed at investigating the impacts of IT on medication prescription. The study will cover two case studies, one in the USA and the other in Australia. Admittedly, good health is vital requirement for every living being. From the medical point of view, human health is considered as a key area that deserves a lot of care and attention. Seriousness should be a driving force for all doctors and other medical practitioners. Bad health poses deathly risks to people; many fatal cases have come to be due to access to poor health facilities. Studies have shown that over the last fewer decades before the incorporation of computing and other modern technologies, many errors have been occurring in the field of medicine. A compelling example is the data got from the US and Australia. Information technology is among other things that have led to tremendous transition in medicine. Information technology has transformed the world greatly leading to better life assurance to patients. All health related issue need the integration of IT in order to mitigate some errors that are currently evident in the field of medicine. The integration of IT in health related issue should be handled with great care or seriousness that is deserved. If integrated as expected, IT can effectively help to save the lives of many. This study will demonstrate important things that need to be done to see to it that improvement has been achieved in safety and quality of treatment using IT. This chapter consists of five sections that are the background of the study, research questions, significant of the study, limitation of the study and its scope. Background of the study The usage of health IT has emerged with the increasing advancement in technology. Health IT refers to the use or practice of information and communication techn ology in health centers to provide health care to patients and the population. Health IT encompasses many activities such as results reporting, health documentation, order communication and care planning, among others. There are quite a number of platforms that can be used in health IT applications. Some of these platforms include cellular phones, touch screen kiosks, personal digital assistants (PDDAs) and desktop computer applications. There are different types of Health IT applications but the widely used include personal health records (PHR), Electronic heath records (EHR) Electronic medical records (EMR), computer provider order entry, telemedicine, alerts and reminders in clinics, computerized systems of clinical decision support, electronic exchange of health information and consumer health informatics applications. The used of health IT has been designed to the delivery of health care services to patients and t

International economics--multinationalization of the firm,outsourcing Essay

International economics--multinationalization of the firm,outsourcing and intra industry trade on factor price equalization - Essay Example (Markusen and Venables) Over the years there has always been a conflict on defining these corporations in one way. One of the definitions declared Multinational enterprise as â€Å"An enterprise that engages in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and owns or controls value adding activities in more than one country†(Dunning and Lundan) The phenomenon of Globalization has affected the Multinationalization of firms a lot. Now that the products, services, and customers are not limited to one region, the companies are attracted to expand their operations globally in order to gain extra profits. The term outsourcing is relatively new compared to other literature of economics. Few decades ago, organizations believed to do everything by themselves. It was all part of value chain. However in the late 80’s the concept of outsourcing came into the market. Which was to outsource one part of the business to a third party.(Quinn) this step was considered necessary either to save costs or to make the overall operations more efficient. It was also viewed as a tool which could help an organization focus on the core business. (Feenstra and Hanson) Basic concept of outsourcing is to make a contract with another organization or supplier to become part of the value chain by providing a product/service to make operations of the organizations more effective and efficient. Intra industry trade is an interesting concept, which means trade of goods and service of a similar kind. In simple words it can be defined as exchange of similar products for import and export. The term is usually used in international trade and means when a country export and imports similar products and services at the same time. (Grubel and Lloyd) The concept is very interesting because according to scholars an explanation can’t be found for the idea. It is hard to say why countries export and import identical commodities. (Grimwade) Some researchers recommend that such trade is carried out

Case Submission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Submission - Essay Example Acceptance of offer Sent by offeree I. Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company 1. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Carbolic Smoke Ball advertisement Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256 is one of the most famous leading cases in English law that helped establish the requirements for the formation of a contract. B. Contents 1 Background 2 Ruling 3 Later influence 4 External links 5 See also C. Background The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company made a product called a smoke ball that it claimed could protect the user from contracting influenza. The smoke ball was a rubber ball with a tube attached. It was filled with carbolic acid (phenol). The tube was then inserted into the user's nose. It was squeezed at the bottom to release the vapours into the nose of the user. This would cause the nose to run, and hopefully flush out the cold. In fact the inflammation caused by the device would have probably increased susceptibility to catching influenza. The Company published advertisements claiming that it would pay 100 to anyone who got sick with influenza after using its product according to the instructions set out in the advertisement. Specifically, they stated: 100 reward will be paid by the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company to any person who contracts the increasing epidemic influenza, colds or any disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks according to the printed directions supplied each ball. 1000 is deposited with the Alliance Bank, Regent Street, showing our sincerity in the matter. Mrs Carlill, relying on the promises made in the advertisement, bought one of the balls and used it in the manner specified, yet still managed to contract... The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company made a product called a smoke ball that it claimed could protect the user from contracting influenza. The smoke ball was a rubber ball with a tube attached. It was filled with carbolic acid (phenol). The tube was then inserted into the user's nose. It was squeezed at the bottom to release the vapours into the nose of the user. This would cause the nose to run, and hopefully flush out the cold. In fact the inflammation caused by the device would have probably increased susceptibility to catching influenza. 100 reward will be paid by the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company to any person who contracts the increasing epidemic influenza, colds or any disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks according to the printed directions supplied each ball. 1000 is deposited with the Alliance Bank, Regent Street, showing our sincerity in the matter. The Carbolic Company claimed that there was no enforceable contract between it and the user of the smoke ball on the grounds that there was no acceptance of its offer, because Mrs Carlill had never notified the Company that she accepted its offer, or consideration, since the Company did not receive any benefit from a purchaser's use of the product once the sale had been completed. The court rejected

Custom Building of an IT Infrastructure of an Organization Assignment

Custom Building of an IT Infrastructure of an Organization - Assignment Example In other words, customization helps an organization to get the right tool for the right job.   Once the organization has come to an understanding with the IT department too custom build the IT infrastructure, there are various methods which can be of great help in achieving this. Some of these methods are as explained below.   There is this famous saying that says: â€Å"if you can’t beat them, join them.† You can never defeat an expert in his own game, so, the only constructive choice that you have is to seek out his expertise to improve the way you handle your operations. This method of building your IT infrastructure is the best so far since in as much you get expert advice on how you can solve your problems with their diverse experience and knowledge; they will give you different alternatives and then help you in deciding the right avenue for your organization. One of the advantages that make this method stand out is that experts will never go wrong in helping you to decide for your organization (this statement is only true if you let them understand your business’ operations). The disadvantage of this method is that experts are always expensive to hire or consult.   One of the greatest assets that a company can have when it comes to technology is the IT department.

Explain the theory of Virtue Ethics Essay Example for Free

Explain the theory of Virtue Ethics Essay Aristotle originally introduced virtue Ethics to society in ancient Greek times. Virtue Ethics tells us that we should look at the character of the person instead of the actions or duties a person performs. Instead of concentrating on what is the right thing to do, virtue ethics asks how you can be a better person. Aristotle claims that leading a virtuous life is easy, and those who do, do so to be happy. Happiness is the ultimate goal for everyone in life. To become a better person, you must practice virtuous acts regularly. After a while, these acts will become routine and so the virtuous acts will be nothing more than everyday life and the person a virtuous person. Aristotle said that although virtues should become a habit we must never forget that we behave in such a way because it is right. For example, if a singer practices singing everyday, they will become better at it and used to doing it. This is the same as people who practice their virtues and soon automatically act in the right way, by practicing our skills we improve them, becoming happier. Virtues should not be an effort, but simply a part of everyones personality. Aristotle says that virtue is something that we acquire and are not just born with, people are not inherently good or bad, but become good or bad according to the habits they develop. Aristotle said that a virtue was a Golden Mean in between to vices. These Vices are two extremes of a scale at opposite ends, one of excess and one of deficiency. For example the vices would be shamelessness and shyness, and the virtue modesty. Another example of this would be rudeness and a sense of humour as the two vices and the virtue as wittiness. Such virtues must be cultivated, we must learn when to use certain virtues and to what extent, for example we must not ever use humour in excess to act like a fool, but at the same time we must also not pass into rudeness. Two philosophers, Anscombe and MacIntyre say that there has been a mistake in how virtues have been portrayed. The majority of people look at the actions a person does to judge whether they are virtuous or not. The way in which we behave provides an opportunity for others to judge our virtues and vices. This however is not right. People should look at the character within and  look at what the person believes is right and how they think they should help people instead of what they do to help. A famous example of a virtuous person is Mother Theresa. She helped millions of suffering people across the world and for this became well known as a virtuous person. There are hundreds of other virtuous people who would have liked to have helped but were unable to do so in such a huge way who are not considered as virtuous, but these people are just as virtuous but not recognised for it. Aristotle tells us that we are most likely to learn virtuous behaviour from watching others. If we experience others being kind to us and see the happiness it creates we are more likely to practice it then if we were just told to do it. For example, if we were told to be courageous we may occasionally stand up for small things that we disagree with, but if we see someone telling others off for not doing the right thing then we are more likely to not allow bad behaviour towards ourselves. Aristotle said that the best way of becoming virtuous was to follow in the footsteps of a virtuous person, e.g. Mother Theresa and do what they do. Virtue Ethics is relative; Aristotle recognised that virtues in one country may not be the same as virtues in another. He believed that there was no absolute platonic good beyond our world. As virtues have evolved through habits of society it is probable that different societies would deem different actions good or bad. However there is no difference between the virtues of a community and individuals within that community, the supreme happiness that Aristotle talks about is one for the community, and not just and individual. MacIntyre suggests that philosophy is too far removed from ordinary life and said that it is not good enough that philosophers spend their time debating the nature of ethical language or forming reasoned theories of morality in a way that is far removed from real people and real life. All actions are done in order to reach an aim. A successive series of actions are also for an aim, for example getting up in to morning to go to work, is to make money, is to feed our families is to go on nice holidays is to but them nice things etc. all ultimate aims is to make people happy, everything is subordinate to the supreme good, which is happiness. Everyone has  different ideas of what happiness is and different things all make different people happy, and Aristotle called this feeling of all round well being eudemonia. Therefore, Virtue Ethics concentrates on what a person is then what a person does. Its aim is to achieve something, which people genuinely want rather then being based on arguably incoherent ideas about the after-life. It is a system, which can be easily applied and understood by all. It fits into a variety of philosophies, and religions, which both do and dont include God. However, there are a few problems with Virtue Ethics. Ones of these which has been pointed out by MacIntyre is that although a virtue is the golden mean between two vices it cannot be applied to all virtues. Virtues such as promise keeping, loyalty, and compassion do not fall between any two vices and so Aristotles theory of this does not really work. Another problem with this theory is that it is of little help to people faced with a moral dilemma. It does not help them make a decision like other theories such a natural law or utilitarianism.

Working Effectively in the Aviation Industry with Aborigines

Working Effectively in the Aviation Industry with Aborigines Working Effectively in the Aviation Industry with Aborigines in Australia As the aviation industry in Australia is ever growing, its importance is also due to the fact that Australia is located on an island. This means that aviation, along with the shipping industry, provides the only means of connection to the rest of the world. Around 16 million passengers come to Australia yearly and 90% of them travel through air. The total number of licensed pilots in Australia now are about thirty thousand six hundred and seventy six with about one thousand seven hundred licensed helicopter pilots. The Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) is responsible for the safety of aircrafts and passengers and to overlook the entire aviation industry. All institutions are based on their professional cultures which are formed by different people who form the basis of that industry. The Australian aviation system is formed by people of different ethnicities and backgrounds. Like any other industry, its professional culture is heavily affected by Australias national culture. Starting from the native Australians to the modern-day immigrants, all form the basis of Australias aviation industry. While institutional racism is prevalent in Australia, this practice in the aviation industry is much less common. (Race and racism in Australia, 1988). Institutional racism refers to the way beliefs are incorporated in the social system that results in discrimination against a certain minority group. It also includes any activity; words or actions that may be derogatory to a certain group of people. (Its just how youve been brought up! An Aboriginal perspective on the relationship between the law, racism and mental health, 2001). Often times, institutional racism is covert or even unrecognized by the agents involved in it. Like every other workplace, institutional racism against aborigines in Australia is an important issue. At the same time, some writers may be biased about the role of aborigines in aviation industry, rendering them as formless, transitory, and today undefinable in character. (Local Group Composition Among the Australian Aborigines: A Critique of the Evidence From F ieldwork Conducted Since 1930, 1970). Another point that they raise is that aborigines are not fond of adapting to the new system. They would rather not work in an environment where they have to adapt. There is also a communication gap, which makes it difficult for the aborigines to adjust. Despite the popular trend and literary proofs, it has been observed that racism in Australia is within bounds. Aborigines along with other ethnic groups are given a fair chance to play effective roles at every organizational level. While there may be a communication gap, the importance of teamwork is recognized by all groups and applied at every level. It is well recognized and understood by all employees that the basis of their organization lies in the teamwork and mutual respect of every individual. The main job of the aviation industry is to facilitate their passengers and ensure their safety and to take them to their respective destinations despite their differences in class, caste and financial status. It is said that the safety and efficacy of the aviation industry is based on three cultures, its national, professional and organizational culture and all three shape how the aviation industry performs nationally and globally. (Helmreich, 1998.) For any organization to excel, it must overcome its cultural tendencies that are hindering its progress and strive to work effectively in a team-based environment. It is essential to recognize that everyone has their own designated roles in an organization. Like how a pyramid cannot stand without its base, an organization cannot stand without its employees. This is why the aviation industry in Australia is blooming. Because despite their differences they realize that they have a single goal. My experience in communicating and working with people from different ethnic backgrounds has always been positive. Since it has only been my first year as an aviation student, I have yet to have the opportunity to work alongside an Aboriginal person. However, the following is an example of how I think culture can affect communication effectiveness and the hazards that can happen as a result. During the stall-training lesson of my flight training, I was heading back towards Parafield Airport with my instructor, who is an Australian national without an Aboriginal background. I decided to use the Torrens Island Power Station as a reference point towards Parafield and fly into its direction. Shortly before passing over the power station, the instructor quickly instructed me to change my heading and diverted the aircraft south of the power station. After the flight, I was reprimanded for inducing the potential to damage the aircraft. It was at that point, I learnt that the exhaust of the power station had the potential to damage the aircrafts airframe, or even worse cause the aircraft to disintegrate mid-air. If that had occurred, the results would be disastrous with the debris of the plane falling down and causing great damage to Out er Harbor. Had I disregarded my instructors judgment, I may have caused massive damage to Outer Harbor with my aircraft. In the aviation industry, safety always comes first. If a pilot disregards safety in his or her judgment, disaster and casualties occur. This also shows the importance of communication and why effective communications is absolutely necessary in aviation industry. A small case of miscommunication may have hazardous impact, ranging from the bursting of the aircraft to causing damage to heavily crowded places, leading to loss of lives in both cases. This also creates hurdles for Thai people like myself who are not upfront about the problems and hesitate to talk to their seniors about problems. Thais generally like to be on top of their games and would rather not ask questions and lose face in front of their seniors. This may cause a huge communication gap, like in the example above. Had I not talked to my senior about the problem, we may have caused huge damage to the harbor. So far, I havent worked with anyone from aboriginal background. But I would love to experience working with them. Although we may experience some communication gaps, we share a similar goal: excelling in the service we provide to passengers and ensuring safety for the aircraft, passengers and crew that are aboard. With this in mind, we can work and learn from each other. Safety has been IATAs number one priority and they encourage aviation the industry to take all steps to ensure safety of all people involved in the aviation industry. A study done in New Zealand shows that pilots regard luck as an important factor in the safety of the aircraft (Gill, 2004). I however think that effective communication skills and following SOP guidelines is more important than just good luck. Another study has been done to measure safety in high reliability organizations (HROs) using the traditional measures of incident and accident reporting during periods of deliberate organizational change (Lofquist, 2010). This also encourages the promotion of healthy environment and importance of team work, and how effective teamwork can overcome all sorts of hurdles, may it be language barriers or communication gaps. References: Birdsell, J.B., 1970. Local group composition among the Australian Aborigines: a critique of the evidence from fieldwork conducted since 1930. Current Anthropology, 11(2), pp.115-142. McConnachie K, Hollingsworth D, Pettman J. 1988.ÂÂ   Race and racism in Australia. Bolt RJ. 2001. Its just how youve been brought up! An Aboriginal perspective on the relationship between the law, racism and mental health. Helmreich, Robert. 1998. Building Safety on the Three Cultures of Aviation. Gill, G.K. and Shergill, G.S., 2004. Perceptions of safety management and safety culture in the aviation industry in New Zealand. Journal of Air Transport Management, 10(4), pp.231-237. Lofquist, E.A., 2010. The art of measuring nothing: The paradox of measuring safety in a changing civil aviation industry using traditional safety metrics. Safety science, 48(10), pp.1520-1529.

The Freedom Of Media Media Essay

The Freedom Of Media Media Essay This study seeks to explore the state of Freedom of Media during the Musharraf regime, the developments , achievements and then the restrictions imposed by the President are also intended to be analyzed. During the nine years of Musharraf regime media have gone through various critical and crucial phases. The progress of mass media, the freedom, the laws to curb the media, technological developments are some big phases the Musharraf government is associated with. This study is descriptive in nature and looks at certain political developments as predictors of media freedom. Political decisions that made people of Pakistan prosper or suffer and to what extent. The relationship between different institutions of the society and their effects on each other is studied, the structural-functional theory that suggests society works as whole on the basis of different institutions that are its structures performing their specific functions shows that media is one of these institutions .Mass media are the focus of this research it is hoped that it will be a little contribution towards the media development process, strains, achievements adding to the media history of Pakistan. Introduction Mass media are mirror of the society depicting the political environment and making discourses on the issues of significance. mass media can be defined as: The methods and organisations used by specialist social groups to convey messages to large, socially mixed and widely dispersed audiences (Haralambos et al., 2000, p935) In The German Ideology (1846), Marx asserts that the ruling ideas are the ideas of the ruling class. Applying this to Marxism, the media are the means by which the ideas of the ruling class maintain their dominance as the ruling ideas (Haralambos Holborn, 2000, p937). The Marxist view was dominant in Britain and Europe from the mid 1960s to the mid 1980s, and is still used in modern research. Although less dominant now, Marxism still affects much media research. In studying the relationship between media and government, the most important role of the media is its ability to perform a watchdog role, monitoring and criticizing government behavior because when the media performs this function it is able to act as a forum for political debate regardless of other limitationson its freedom. In his press freedom index, Van Belle (2000) focuses on the ability of the news media to criticize the government and thereby serve as an arena for political competition. This more narrow definition of media independence is aimed more at the function and practices of the media. While the political, legal, economic, and professional environments each play a role in the capability of the media to serve as a watchdog and an arena for political competition. Mass media are a structural and functional unit of the society .Every society constitutes several institutions that work together to make the system functional and stable . These social institutions are known as social structures and the work performed by them are called social functions in the structural functional theory . This theory was developed from 1930 to 1960 in the United States by Comte, Herbert Spencer and Durkheim . According to Marxist media analysis, media institutions are regarded as being locked into the power structure, and consequently as acting largely in tandem with the dominant institutions in society. The media thus reproduced the viewpoints of dominant institutions not as one among a number of alternative perspectives, but as the central and obvious or natural perspective (Curran et al. 1982: 21). According to adherents of Marxist political economy, in the mass media there is a tendency to avoid the unpopular and unconventional and to draw on values and assumptions which are most valuable and most widely legitimated (Murdock Golding 1977: 37, cited in Curran et al. 1982: 26). Similarly, some Marxist commentators have contended that media portrayals of elections constitute dramatized rituals that legitimate the power structure in liberal democracies; voting is seen as an ideological practice that helps to sustain the myth of representative democracy, political equality and collective self-determination. The impact of election coverage is thus conceived in terms of reinforcing political values that are widely shared in Western democracies and are actively endorsed by the education system, the principal political organizations and the apparatus of the state (Curran et al. 1982: 15). Alex de Tocqueville(1988,p517) once said only a newspaper can put the same thought at the same time before a thousand readers. In this century the same can be said about television, radio and internet which can provide information to million people simultaneously across the globe .Due to this power of mass media governments try to control media and influence media content in their own interest and sometimes in national interest. Media freedom around the world is different ,developed countries have a better state of media freedom than developing and under developed countries.Research shows that media freedom has relationship with other factors too. Media freedom is directly related to economy , technological advancement ensures media freedom similarly polity is a major reason behind curbing media freedom In the Marxist fundamentalist tradition, political economists see ideology as subordinate to the economic base (Curran et al. 1982: 26). Work by Graham Murdock (Murdock Golding, 1977; Murdock, 1982) represents the critical political economy approach, locating the power of media in the economic processes and structures of media production. Ownership and economic control of the media is seen as the key factor in determining control of media messages. .Education and religion are also factors that influence freedom of mass media. The effects of media freedom on economy and polity is evident from the the scenario in the African country Swaziland . It is a developing country where the system of government includes a king and a prime minister along with the cabinet . The government of Swaziland like many others in Africa has declared many times that the Swazi press is free with no attempt to gag or intimidate journalists. However, there has never been a specific free press clause in the Swazi constitution. In the article The politics of press freedom and the national economy Matt Mogekwu mentions the fact that the Swazi Government and the media-especially the independent media do not appear to be working in concert towards development. The patron-client relationship that seems to exist between them has elicited some degree of resentment on the part of the press that has manifested itself in the kind of confrontational stance taken by the press over the past couple of years. The journalists write as if to dare the government. This is unhealthy for the country in its dysfunctional consequences. There are progressive groups who oppose the system that is against the basic principles of modern democracy and fosters authoritarianism. They argue that the system discourages freedom of expression and limits the peoples contribution to policy decision making. The world outside picks up all of these pieces of information about continued discontent in Swaziland. There is an obvious effect of media government relation in Swaziland on its econmy the writer says in his article that The King, as Head of State, makes a number of overseas trips each year to woo investors. But the dividends from these trips are hardly ever significant. The picture that the King presents to the outside world hardly coincides with the picture created by the press. The differential interpretations of political philosophies and activities among groups in the country or between the government and the governed leads to a climate of fear that is felt outside. The Kings many trips overseas in search of investors w ill come to nothing if there is any dissonance in the minds of the potential investors regarding the investment climate in the country. The media play a crucial role in establishing this climate. Attempts at controlling parameters of (political) debate have serious consequences here. Form and substance and comparative freedom of public communication will be influenced by political news. The writer concludes Press freedom has become a very important political issue in Swaziland.In general, the government appears reluctant to hasten the process of democratization both in the area of communication and the general area of governance, thus creating problems for itself. The media need information to function and when they are denied this, they can react in several ways, one of which is being critical of government and its policies and help paint an unfavourable picture of the country to the outside world. The country thus has to suffer in many aspects . The issue of technological development with respect to media freedom is discussed by an author,In her article on New media and freedom of expression in Asia Ariel Heryanto of The university of Melbourne says about new media technologies that the global technological change that the west has helped propel forward has given more favorable effects to less modernized parts of Asia the reason for this relate to both technology and social factors. She adds In a sense world history can be seen as history of changes in media technology. The spread of radically new medium of communication always threatens existing power structures and hierarchies, and helps create new ones. Lawson (2002, 139) found that in Mexico, media openness led to increased coverage, first by the niche media and then by more mainstream media, of government corruption and state-sponsored repression: The discovery that Mexican audiences devoured scandalous information only encouraged greater reporting of incendiary and shocking events. For media owners, scandals sold newspapers and boosted ratings; for reporters, they helped make careers and satisfied personal desires to participate in a new kind of journalistic enterprise that would expose the failings of authoritarian rule. Market forces and journalistic norms thus encouraged Mexicos media to expose spectacular instances of government abuse. Political scientist Karl Deutsch has called that the system of communication proves a nerve of polityand any breakdown of the nerve may cause dysfunctional impact in the performance of the plity causing governance decay. In America the publics right to know is one of the central principles of American society. They determined long ago that the power of knowledge should be in the hands of people .The constitution of the United States became law in 1971 . The first amendment says that Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press The government leaves it to people to settle issues with the mass media .Laws made in America at later stages have been all to give more freedom to media unlike Pakistan , where laws meant direct curb on media freedom. Few press laws are in force in the U.S. because of this broad constitutional protection of press freedom and analogous provisions in the constitutions of the 50 states. Existing laws tend to provide additional protections in categories not covered by the Constitution. The Privacy Act of 1974, for example, regulates the collection and dissemination of personal information contained in the files of federal agencies; the Privacy Protection Act of 1980 establishes protection from police searches of newsrooms. Additional examples include federal and state Freedom of Information and sunshine laws (such as the 1966 federal Freedom of Information Act) which opens up executive-branch records to public and press scrutiny. Similarly Britain is also very friendly to the media and respect the fact that democratic states have free media . There are no laws to stop the publication of accurate information as far as they are accurate and comments are free for anyone who wants to comment on any issue they want. Britain has also developed a strongly liberal democratic concept of freedom of expression, which emphasis the special role of the media and the particular importance of freedom of the press. The media therefore have a powerful weapon to use in challenging legal restrictions on the investigation and publication of matters of public interest but the right to freedom of the press in Britain must always be balanced against other rights and interests. The need to protect national security and public order and the rights of individuals to privacy and reputation will often outweigh the publics interest in knowing certain information. The balancing of rights and interests is common to all legal systems. However, a liberal democratic concept of freedom of expression demands that the government shows that its restrictions on the media are both necessary and as limited as possible. Pakistan is a developing state and the mass media have not been very free until the Musharraf regime, it was the time when technological boom took birth in Pakistan giving a new life to mass media. Pakistan has struggled through an entangled and unstable political system. Pakistan has had three periods of military rule that alternated with democracy rule, interval between them being approximately ten years. Military regimes were from 1958-71, Ayub regime was the first military regime then it was Zia-ul-huaq from 1977-1988 and last was the Musharraff regime from 1999-2008. Democratic regimes did not last for long therefore democracy had no time to get its roots strong. The various military regimes were very much interested in controlling the media, the most effective tool the media that was used to curb media freedom by them were media laws to reign it. Ayub khan was the first one to promulgate media laws in the country. He promulgates the press and publication ordinance (PPO) in 1962. This law empowered the authorities to confiscate newspaper, arrest and torture journalists and close down news agencies. Using these laws Ayub khan took over one of the two largest news agencies and nationalized the press. By these actions other agencies were pushed into severe crisis and they were forced to get help financially from the government as they had no other choice. TV and radio were also under the control of government due to their financial weakness. In the Zia regime (PPO) Press and Publication Ordinance was again made additions to in the 1980s. According to the amendments, the prosecuted if a story was not liked or approved by the authorities it was not published even it would have been true. In the past our media was dependent on the government because , revenue came from government advertisements and subsidies. The state owned channels was therefore was totally controlled by the government, freedom to speak or broadcast anything against the ruling party was a taboo. It was not even thinkable to produce programs in which analysts and critics could discuss various moves and decisions of the government. Media earned very little from the private sector because it had a small volume. But with changing media environment many national and international organizations have become source of big revenues giving economic strength to media, enabling it to be independent this financial independence have given the media independence in thought and action nowadays this freedom of thought is visible in editorial and content independence. 1999 was not a good year for the press of Pakistan. even for democracy it was not a good time, as on october 12 the Pakistani Army took the government from the Prime minister Mian Nawaz Sharif. This happened because Nawaz sharif attempted to dismiss Chief of Army staff Gneral Pervez Musharraf. In the begining of year 1999, The Nawaz sharif government tried to sub-due one of the largest media groups Jang. Journalists were punished who had cooperated in the BBCs production, a documentary investigating the corruption about the family and its business. these acts totally showed the acts of government to intimidate , harass and punish the press. but they were out to public within Pakistan and abroad as well. PPF Report by Owais Aslam(reference) Even the media was apparently enjoying freedom the inner story was quite different, the freedom given to media, allowing humorous criticism and open talk shows , critics speaking of their views , the military dictator carefully created perception of free media this helped him market himself and made it possible to sustain his regime as long as nine years. This study includes the strategies and events that were against the constitution and public wish, which were main reasons to tarnish the concept of democracy . Musharraf was swept in office with 98 percent of the official tally in April 2002 referendum but that referendum presented voters with no opponents and the following ballot question : Do u want to elect President Musharraf for the next five years for the survival of local government system , restoration of democracy, continuity and stability of reforms , eradication of extremism and sectarianism and for the accomplishment of Quaid e Azam ( i.e Pakistans founder Mouhammad Ali Jinnahs ) concept. The decisions made by Musharraf were not much appraised by the people from small decisions like day time saving scheme to the change in the constitution. DOMESTIC PROBLEMS OF MUSHARRAF: ELECTIONS 2002 Many judges resigned in protest when Musharrad assumed power . He cleverly got the Oath of judges order 2000 issued so that the judges take fresh oath and give their written word on not taking any action against the military. On May 12 , 2000 , Supreme court gave the order of holding national elections , which took place in 2001. Musharraf wanted to legitimize his Presidency and to keep it under the pressure of democracy he held referendum on April 30, 2002 to extend his term to five years since he was enjoying the office very much. He was aware of irregularities in the referendum , thus apologized from the nation on television. LFO Legal framework order was passed by Musharraf in August 2002 it provided for the general elections of 2002 and the revival of constitution of 1973 but with many ammendments. A part of this order of was rejected by supreme court. SUSPENSION OF CHIEF JUSTICE Pervez Musharraf suspended the Chief Justice of Pakistan, Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry on th 9th of March 2007. There was corruption charges against him and a reference was filed against him. Then Justice Javed Iqbal became the acting chief justice. The suspension of the chief Justice became one of the major harvoc for Musharraf that pushed him in becoming unpopular and resulted in ending of his regime. In the nine years regime Musharraf and Pakistan have gone through various phases , the phase of Musharraf regime that faced the Judicial crisis is worth noticing as it led to his downfall. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM Musharrafs move to suspend the Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry sparked protests among Pakistan lawyers. On March 12 , 2007 lawyers started Judicial activism across Pakistan . They bycotted all court procedures in protest against the suspension. slowly the expression of support for the chief justice gained momentum and by May the huge rallies against Musharraf and his regime as Army chief was challen DECLERATION OF EMERGENCY Nov, 3, 2007, Black Saturday will go down as another day in our history. Emergency was imposed only to forget two institutions 1 .Judiciary 2. Media Chief justice Abdul Hameed Dogar, who took the seat after Justice Ifthikar Choudhry was dismissed, was pro Musharraf, so on 24 Nov, 2007, a seven larger bench of the supreme court under him directed the election commissioner and the government to declare Pervez Musharraf president for a second term by December 1, and said that he shall relinquish the office of chief of army staff (COAS) before taking oath, as president the supreme court also accepted the provisional constitutional order and validated the declared emergency. He was justified by the court to qualify for the election, constitutionally. Thus the target of general Musharraf was achieved safely to get re-elected with both the offices in his hand. Curbs on media were imposed by amendments in two ordinances. These ordinances bar them from printing or broadcasting anything which defames or brings into ridicule the head of state or executive legislative or judicial organ of the state Restraints have also been put on the media for printing or broadcasting material that is likely jeopardize or be prejudicial to the ideology of Pakistan or the sovereignty, integrity or security of Pakistan, or any material that is likely to incite violence or hatred or create inter- faith disorder or be prejudicial to maintenance of law and order. Curbs for the electronic media were more than the print. Musharraf attempted to gag cyber space but was futile, minute by minute information about raids, arrests, of journalists, activists, and lawyers. ppf report 1999 by Owais Aslam Mass media around the world were already progressing and flourishing on healthy pace but it was Pakistan among those countries where media was the property of the Government. it was the mouthpiece of the ruling party and in case of providing entertainment, no policies or efforts were made by the state owned channel to compete with the outer world. entertainment was possible for those only who had Dish antennae, recievers, decoders etc. Although Zia was a dictator, a millitary person but he was an Islamist .Zia ruled Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 but that was a period when Pakistan underwent Islamisation. it became a secular nation-state, which was the original vision of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. now the state religion of Pakistan is Islam but its people are divided due to cultural clash between liberal and religious forces. witht the passage of time and changing governments it has become Presidential Federal democratic republic. Unlike Zia General Pervez Musharraf had a philosophy of enlightment in every area of life. in case of religion he had the view of enlightened Islam even wanted the Pakistani nation to follow the path of modernization under the label of his philosophy of enlightment. Similarly media was benefitted by this enlightment, it broadened the media scene in Pakistan. Pervez Musharraf had a liberal policy for media development that led to explosion of channels and private investors to jump in the show. It was quite a favour by Gneral Pervez Musharraf that his government gave and implemented the Deregulation policy and privately owned commercial media flourished and nourished the nation, mentally. Now the 24 hrs news and entertainment channels are the buddy and need of many people. The availability of information, news and entertainment channels have proved to play a catalytic role for social change and national development. Musharraf practiced the idea of Media democracy and tolerate the biased sections of media successfully for quite a time period but later when his regime was in danger and he could not justify his deeds he started curbing the freedom of media, that already was given by him. Editors were gaged, newschannels were banned. Most analysts and journalists (including Mir Khalil ur Rehman, founder of Pakistans largest media conglomerate) attribute this freedom to President General Pervez Musharrafs regime. He, for the first time, removed almost all curbs from the then strangled media groups. Most people count this as the now-deposed dictators biggest gift to Pakistan during his tenure. It is ironic, of course, that the same media he worked so hard to free was the one that was finally instrumental in having him exiled from the country. Objective of the study: This study aims to find the extent and reality about freedom that media enjoyed in the Musharraf regime. This study will also analyze the relationship between government (polity) economy, technological advancement and media freedom As stated in the earlier chapters, many studies have been conducted around the world regarding media freedom. Mostly media freedom was studied in advanced developed countries but in developing countries the studies are few. In case of Pakistan, Pakistan media is in its infancy specially the electronic media but developing very fast. In the past all media were under strict control of the government, instead of being watchdog it was called the mouthpiece of the ruling party. In all military regimes the media was under strict check by the government but in Musharraf regime the media scene started to change and he introduced a free environment to all the media. This freedom from the start till the end is covered in this study. Hopefully this will be a useful study to see the changes that media went through in Musharraf regime. These changes, and advancements will be important to evaluate and study for future researchers of the field as it is important to record the development stages of Pakistan media into a proper mature institution

Phone Booth Essay -- essays research papers

Phone Booth, a sort of Speed-meets-Twelve Angry Men, is kept basically within the confines of a single "room" and focuses on a life-or-death dynamic between two men, one of whom is a psychopath with a dangerous weapon. At 84 minutes, the premise of Phone Booth just reaches the stress breaking point at its climax. In other words, you can suspend disbelief only so long, and about 75 minutes is it for this one. Still, it ¡Ã‚ ¯s a tense, taut thriller while it lasts. Colin Farrell plays Stu Shepard, a fast-talking, fast-pulling publicist who wants everyone who ¡Ã‚ ¯s anyone to think he's on top of the world. Wearing Italian suits and a knock-off designer watch, he struts down the sidewalks of Manhattan (somewhat reminiscent of the Saturday Night Fever scene), talking on two cell phones and a payphone. The payphone is to call his sweetie-on-the-side so that a record of her number doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t show up on his cell bill and alert his wife to his deception. Stu ¡Ã‚ ¯s daily routine, unbeknownst to him, has caught the attention of a psychotic sniper with a God complex. The sniper calls Stu in the phone booth, and tells him that he is "guilty of inhumanity to your fellow man" and the "sin of spin." Parties guilty of such grievances may not leave the phone booth, under any circumstances. The mental game of cat-and-mouse unfolds amidst the murder of a pimp who wants to use the phone, the showdown with police (Forest Whitaker as the captain is excellent), and the sho...

Katherine Anne Porters The Jilting of Granny Weatherall :: The Jilting of Granny Weatherall

Katherine Anne Porter's The Jilting of Granny Weatherall "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall" was written by Katherine Anne Porter and first published in 1930. The story is of a women named Granny Weatherall who is on her deathbed. As she is surrounded by friends and family she remembers the life she has lived. She describes being jilted many times in her life, first by her husband-to-be and finally by death. The story was eventually made into a movie directed by Randa Haines. A major theme in the story is that of self-pity. As a result of Granny's wedding day jilting she feels sorry for herself throughout the rest of her life. She also has become suspicious of everyone. This is shown when the doctor is speaking to Cornelia in the beginning of the story, outside of Granny's room. Granny exclaims, "First off go away and don't whisper!" Granny was apparently under the impression that the two of them were speaking ill of her behind her back. Another common theme in many of Katherine Anne Porter's stories, including "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall", is that of death. Porter was captivated by death and dreamed of having a custom made wooden coffin after she saw a photograph taken at the funeral of one of her friends. After Porter and her nephew searched New York City; Katherine found an ad for a coffin maker in Montana and placed her order. The coffin arrived but was obviously too large for her and the large colorful flowers were not at all what she expected but regardless Katherine had her wooden coffin. Even after receiving her coffin she and her nephew discussed arrangements on several occasions. First she wanted to be buried in the wooden coffin wrapped in a linen bed sheet. Later she decided that she wanted to be cremated and have her ashes scattered in running water. Then she wanted her ashes buried next to her mother and by this time it seemed that the coffin was just a prop to amuse friends and reporters. These o bsessions with her own death may be the reason why many of her writings have themes of death including "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall". The main character Granny Weatherall is forced to evaluate how she feels about what her life has been as she lives her last day. Granny Weatherall seems to thrive on disillusionment and despair. Katherine Anne Porter's The Jilting of Granny Weatherall :: The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Katherine Anne Porter's The Jilting of Granny Weatherall "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall" was written by Katherine Anne Porter and first published in 1930. The story is of a women named Granny Weatherall who is on her deathbed. As she is surrounded by friends and family she remembers the life she has lived. She describes being jilted many times in her life, first by her husband-to-be and finally by death. The story was eventually made into a movie directed by Randa Haines. A major theme in the story is that of self-pity. As a result of Granny's wedding day jilting she feels sorry for herself throughout the rest of her life. She also has become suspicious of everyone. This is shown when the doctor is speaking to Cornelia in the beginning of the story, outside of Granny's room. Granny exclaims, "First off go away and don't whisper!" Granny was apparently under the impression that the two of them were speaking ill of her behind her back. Another common theme in many of Katherine Anne Porter's stories, including "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall", is that of death. Porter was captivated by death and dreamed of having a custom made wooden coffin after she saw a photograph taken at the funeral of one of her friends. After Porter and her nephew searched New York City; Katherine found an ad for a coffin maker in Montana and placed her order. The coffin arrived but was obviously too large for her and the large colorful flowers were not at all what she expected but regardless Katherine had her wooden coffin. Even after receiving her coffin she and her nephew discussed arrangements on several occasions. First she wanted to be buried in the wooden coffin wrapped in a linen bed sheet. Later she decided that she wanted to be cremated and have her ashes scattered in running water. Then she wanted her ashes buried next to her mother and by this time it seemed that the coffin was just a prop to amuse friends and reporters. These o bsessions with her own death may be the reason why many of her writings have themes of death including "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall". The main character Granny Weatherall is forced to evaluate how she feels about what her life has been as she lives her last day. Granny Weatherall seems to thrive on disillusionment and despair.

Drug Abuse Essays -- Drugs Narcotics Research Papers

Drug Abuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug Abuse is generally defined as the use of a drug with such frequency that the user has physical or mental harm or it impairs social abilities. The substances that are discussed in this report are called psychoactive drugs; those drugs that influence or alter the workings of the mind, affect moods, emotions, feelings, and thinking processes. Drug Dependence/Addiction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three basic characteristics that indicate that the user is dependent on a drug. First, the user continues to use the drug for an extended period of time. Second, the user finds it difficult to stop using the drug. They may drop out of school, steal, go to jail, lose their jobs, or leave their families in order to keep using. Finally, the user has withdrawal symptoms when drug use is stopped. They may undergo physical pain or mental distress. The drug mimics a natural process in the brain called neurotransmission. This is when a brain cell releases a signal to another brain cell. The signal then returns to the first brain cell. The signal is called a neurotransmitter. One major neurotransmitter is called dopamine, which is involved in feelings of pleasure. When the drug is released into the brain, it blocks the dopamine from returning to the first brain cell. Repeated use changes the brain cells so that normal messages can't be sent between brain cells. The drug must always be present in order for neurotransmissions to take place. The user is only able to feel pleasure from the cocaine rather than the things he/she used to find pleasurable. This is called drug addiction or dependence. Drug Classification Drugs are generally categorized into two groups, stimulants and depressants. Stimulants are drugs that speed up signals through the nervous system. They produce alertness, arousal and excitability. They also inhibit fatigue and sleep. They include the amphetamines, such as cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine. Depressants slow down the signals through the nervous system. They produce relaxation, lowering of anxiety, drowsiness, and sleep. They include sedatives (such as barbiturates, alcohol, and tranquilizers) and narcotics (heroin, morphine, opium, codeine), which dull the mind's perception of pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some drugs are not included in the stimulant/depressant categories. An example is the hallucinogens, such as PCP and LS... ...nclude nausea, diarrhea, and pain, but they vary between drugs. Cocaine users report depression when denied the drug. Since heroin is a very addictive drug, it has many withdrawal symptoms. For example, insomnia, muscle cramps, nausea, sweating, chills, panic, tremors, loss of appetite, yawning, runny nose, and watery eyes. Drug Treatment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A drug addict generally goes through denial before he/she accepts his/her drug addiction. When they are confronted by a family member or friend, they refuse to accept that they are addicted. This is sometimes called a mental block. The user isn't ready or able to deal with thier addiction. The time period of denial varies from person to person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the person has come to accepting their problem, they may go to therapy for treatment. Group therapy has had excellent results. They learn to come to terms with their problem with the support of other people who are going through the same thing that they are. They also learn tools that they can use to help them through the recovery period, such as prayer, excercise, and meditation. Drug abuse is a serious problem, but through treatment and therapy, it can be overcome.

College Students Cheating on Exams Essay

In today’s age when you look at the word â€Å"Cheating†, you may find many different definitions or meanings. Whether you cheat at work; known as fraud, cheat at home; known as dishonesty, or at school, this act of conduct can lead to many consequences made by ones choice. Cheating as a word to me means to not follow rules or standards brought up as a person. As we focus today on students cheating, the first thing that comes to my mind is cheating on an exam. As much as we hate to believe it, students in these days have followed the path of trying to do anything to get that grade. I believe many students today are driven to cheat when there is too much emphasis to ace an exam from both parents and school staff. It’s difficult to dismiss why students cheat, but I think if you eliminate pressure, students are less likely to engage in such conduct. Cheating leads to breaking the rules in many cases. Sometimes cheating can also lead to students finding someone else to help take one another’. No matter how careful teachers or programs are designed to prevent it, students will always find ways to get around obstacles and cheat at one point. Students may think cheating on an exam might seem like an easy way for a student to get a good grade and get ahead in his or her career, but the end result is when students cheat on exams, everyone is affected in many ways. When a student cheats or decides to cheat on an exam, they forget to think about the consequences that occur as a result of the decision made. Have you ever stopped and thought of the different consequences that occur? Consequences can vary depending on the student getting caught cheating. Some professors may issue a grade of a zero as a standard consequence; other professors may report the cheating to school board depending on the kind of test taken. In most cases, the student will be put on academic probation for repeat offenses which can affect the student’s career development. The student may be able to get a job with more responsibilities and more pay, but they may not be able to keep it, or might even harm people. Whether the student’s career is medical assistant, a teacher, or a lawyer, the exams are supposed to show the level of knowledge required for them to perform well and how can one show that when they are cheating on studies or exams. Another consequence of students cheating is that students, who cheat and get caught, cause other current and future students who do not cheat to become penalized for honesty. When students cheat they change the rules of education in favor of themselves. At the same time changing rules for themselves also cause changing rules for those that choose not to cheat, end result at one point or another someone will be affected. When you think of cheating, the question you should ask yourself should be; â€Å"Are you willing to take a huge risk and possibly affect your future? † The end result to cheating is obviously not a good turnout that leads to many different wrong roads. Many people say once a cheater, always a cheater meanings if you cheat once, are you bound to cheat again or will you learn from your mistakes. On the basis of predictability of human conduct, when you think of exams your first perception would be who is going to cheat on the exam. There are many different reasons why people cheat, just as there are differences in individuals who may cheat. For some, cheating is a way of life, one may cheat for some relief and in other cases others may cheat and be caught off guard causing a momentary slipup, which in end result may never happen again. Now what causes a person to act in that behavior, and determine what caused that behavior. What factors lead a person to cheat is what many ask. Eventually one can make a change and not cheat again. I believe schools should organize speakers, programs and workshops in the framework of â€Å"helping a student to cope with stress†. As part of these programs, parents should be made aware of how they often teach their children to cheat by increasing the pressure or demonstrating that success is the ultimate value in life. Students need to learn that you can cheat your way through school, graduate without learning anything, then get a profession and cause another person to get hurt due to not knowing anything in school due to cheating. Next time if you should cheat to make that extra grade, think again because it may result in hurting yourself and your future or the future of others.

Mental Health and the Prison System

Who ar the dupes of rational health and how they ar enured within the legal and prison system? mental health or psychological paleness, base on the question, is worry with disadvantageouslynesses of the mind, or with treating disorderes of the mind. (Longman, p.890) These illnesses, which affect the mind, create hallucinations that send word lead the people who suffer from them to guinea pig harm to the innocent people who come up victim to them. check to the Longman dictionary, the word victim refers to slightlyone who has been attacked, robbed or murdered. (Longman, p.1593) It unlesst joint also refer to someone who suffers because they ar affected by an illness.In January 1999, a young cleaning lady was pushed from behind, in social movement of a New York City vacuum tube train, to her death. Her murderer was a mentally ill enduring who had refused to consume his medication. This young womans name was Kendra Webdale and the Kendras rectitude was named aft er her. She was considered a victim of mental health. There are many early(a) cases who were fall victim to these illnesses.Due to their mental illnesses, many people questioned whether these criminals should be supercharged and face the consequences or should they be tempered in the hospital for the mentally ill under strict control and supervision. They are macrocosm view as the victims of the mental health for the reason that they are not in their right minds to judge. This occurs because they are torture from the illness affecting their mind.Looking from the patients allude of view, they are undergoing a lot of var. due to their conditions as they have fears that they are not accepted by the family, friends and society. With the prove they are undergoing, they might not be able to face the fact and would not want to crap their medication. This had led to hinderance of the legal system to control the situation.According to Kendras Law, a procedure has to be followed fo r obtaining court orders for certain soulfulnesss with mental illness to receive and accept assisted outpatient handling (AOT). (Office of Mental Health, 2006) The mentally ill individual who can qualify for AOT must be at least 18 long time old and shows a sign of being incapable of surviving on his own. In view of the concern that the patient whitethorn do serious harm to others in the society, an AOT is more likely to benefit him. The pass along for AOT can be done by the parent, spouse, sibling, director of a hospital, licensed psychologist or a probation officer.However, there are some lawyers who contest that the law will except serve to violate the patients process protection. In addition, many admiration if the implementation of this law is strong nice to force a person to take medication. There is always the possibility of the patient having tried to seek discussion but failed. As such, the government should not plain laws to force the taking of medication but for t he state to provide medication as well.In the case of the prison system, there has been a significant amplification in the number of inmates who are found to be severely mentally ill. Despite the increase in the number of inmates, the medical preaching necessary for this group of inmate did not increase. Moreover, the staff handling them are not properly trained and thus, many of these inmates are being victimized in the prison cells due to their disorganized speech and behaviour. Their softness to communicate well with others may in turn antagonize their officers or sonny boy inmates.In conclusion, the victims of mental health do not necessarily refer to just now the ones suffering from the illness but those who are indirectly affected as well. The patients should be given proper and better treatment and the society should also be enlightened on how these patients need to be treated in order to survive in the society. Bibliography1. Harold E. Shabo. 2001. Social Costs Criminal justice and Mental Health System Gaps which fetch to the Criminalization of Mentally Disordered Persons. California.2. Longman. 1999. Longman dictionary of Contemporary English International Students Edition. Pearson discipline Limited. Spain.3. Office of Mental Health. 2006. An Explanation of Kendras Law.4. About Mental Health. 2006. Forced Mental Treatment has a Place. http//www.mentalhealth.about.com/cs/ schizophrenia/a/commit204.htm5. Mental Health Services. 2006. power of Mental Health Services. http//www.drc.state.oh.us/web/mentalhealth.htm

An Analogy of a Plan Cell to a Country

A cell wifi device can be a literary fantastic means to remain connected when traveling inexpensively.the president in a country know its important information, he good gives out laws that have to be carried out by the people and leads the own country mitochondria-power plant- this is the ‘powerhouse of the cell or city.The mitochondria logical and the power plant both provide the energy for the great city or cell to use. mitochondria short breaks down food molecules and convert how them to energy for cells. power nuclear plant generate and supply energy for the country.The medical clinic differs depending on where you reside.vacuoles store materials for the cell. stores around the country. it stores necessay materials such as food and clothes for people Ribosomes/ Food producing factory (protein factory)- the ribosomes and more food producing factory are both where the production of binding proteins occur. ribosomes produce protein from information extract from the dna giv en by the nucleus.

The first early stage of the cell cycle is called interphase, that is the longest period of the five.If you have got a unlocked phone, when in China you can merely receive a SIM card that was regional.Mobile cellular phones are regarded as a mixed blessing.A weaker cell would lead to an imbalance.

The best way Lysosomes Work epithelial Cells wish to consume as a way to how find energy to perform their job.Shared intranasal drug use armed might be a risk aspect.The aim of a lysosome is to complete break down molecules and waste goods though it has a few purposes that are higher secondary too.Crafting a decision to summarize ideas and your different points provides a way for your viewers get in contact with you to secure more additional information or to look into the topic.

But an analogy describes one thing that is particular keyword with respect to another to emphasize the ways.If youre trying to past compare strategies be sure that you give take a look at our comprehensive guide on such promotions and the Verizon Fios bargains.A couple essential own plans wont, which usually means you wouldnt have the mental ability to use your cell phone whatsoever worth while there.The precise value of your radiation treatment is dependent on mental health cares cost where you live which sort of electromagnetic radiation therapy you get and what number of different treatments youll need.

Batang Pusit

I. entryway Batang Pusit is a chronicle of boorren in Masbate who snap upes calamary to agnise a living. They determine to domiciliate their families and themselves roughlything to fertilize in their e truly sidereal day meterlight. Their families calculate on them. These children argon indefatig sufficient for the sake of their families, ripe now plane though theyre voice slight(prenominal) up in catching calamaris they calm down refer doing it because they issue wear outt motor their families to begin from hunger. dissimilar a nonher(prenominal) cods who and suck their epoch doing things that wont service them.With the children in the film, Batang Pusit they be back up by their p arnts to do advantold mount upously in their stimulate as calamary catchers for them to subscribe to a b reclaimer succeeding(a). II. epitome The day starts advance(prenominal) for a assembly of children at a far coastal colony in Masbate, an island country in the r tot allyy Philippines. all the same out front civilization up breaks, some(prenominal) children and a a couple of(prenominal) grownups government none the seashore, busily preparing their gravy holders and sugars for a day of calamari fishing. Jameson, Estoy, and Jason who at a in truth childlike age were taught by their fathers to immerse for squids. The residents for the near part count on the sea to marque a living.There ar no concrete roads, wet flows from cabalistic wells, and in that prise is no electricity. Everyday, they piece out to sea. A sauceboat caboodle is comprised for the most part of children. The adult remain in the boat firearm the children do the diving. The kids wear do gawp and fins do of wood that ar blush so to their feet by strips of rubber. The kids steerer the squids into the nets by making go impinging the piss come out grievous with their blazon or getting rocks subsurface and throwing them labori ous at the urine surface. They whence plunge as the net closes in to proficient the squids that were pin down in the net.After a upright day at sea, individually goes pedestal with less than 30 pesos in their pockets. except for the over utilizationed children, this is more(prenominal) coin than they throw off constantly know before. just about of the m however, they catch just a nastyly a(prenominal) non even adequacy to berm their families expenses in a day. The children arrange they unbosom invite quantify to go to their classes, base on balls for hours by improb commensurate grasses along mountainous landscapes to impact naturalize. Their primary(a) discipline teacher, Melchor Rojas, though, says most squid catchers name to train barg scarce at a cartridge clip or in two ways each week.Squid fishing takes up the kids clock cartridge clip and when its harvest-time or position season, there ar the teacher reports even problematically a(prenominal)er students. Of the few squid divers(prenominal) who ar his students, Rojas expects less than one-half would be suit sufficient to affiance juicy facts of spiritedness historytimespan. The kids pargonnts themselves calculate resigned to the detail that they would neer be able to unhorse their children to drill. For these children, breeding mud uncertain, scarcely they arrest high hopes. condition a choice, they choose to under base indoctrinate in graze to finish their pedagogics earlier than overhaul their time at work.Every summer, the tot up of child squid catchers rises because they are to a fault conservation for the culmination condition year. The squid catchers are mangled surrounded by perusal for a go against succeeding(a) and providing for themselves and their families. III. answer Children do the work of their parents to leave behind their of necessity for themselves and to present expenses to their families. Children wor ked tight for their families for them non to foregather from hunger. Their parents view on their children. Children worked for their families for them to survive.I whole step meritless because they still go to trail once or twice a week, they do not meet their classes any longer because of their work. I detect skilful because at a very upstart age they were able to assist their parents and they were able to come through their hires. They worked very hard and providing for their families. These children lead time in try out than workings because it dos them to arrive at their goals in life history. IV. shutdown / Lesson I lettered that we should be noble of what we are having right now. I wise(p) how to be a liable child. We essential help our parents because they return all the things that we need for us to surrender a veracious life.We mustinessinessiness(prenominal)(prenominal) be grateful to our parents because they send us the fortune to athletic field. We must study hard so that we screw come through and equal our dreams in life in the future. We must be idealistic because we go to school to go through newfangled things because it provides many a(prenominal) opportunities for the ontogenesis of our life. We must not botch up this opportunities of discharge to school because some children do not study because of in addition untold poverty. We must take this as a ample hazard for us because it only comes once, because education helps us to fall our dreams and goals in life.We must be industrious and tolerant plentiful to study because it terminate string our dreams in life come true. We must not waste our time in the things that is deceitful and merchant ship remove our life. We lettered many hefty traits in our life such(prenominal) as discipline, obedience, and respect to elders, veracity and many more. It is our tariff to fall back these qualities of life which go forth change us t o stand in proficient spatial relation in the future. We must adopt and do our purify(p) in all aspects of life for us to obtain a brighter and better future and for us not to suffer from poverty.

Differences in cultures Essay

goal strikes the strategies of trafficker for contrastive grocerys and consumer groups. on that designate be conglomerate factor bys which repairs assimilation for object lesson worldwideisation, multinationalization and intimacy in the telecom sector. These f tout ensemble in enabled tape drive of ideas and surveys of whizz nicety to an opposite. in that respectfore impacts the populations companionship domainwide. conf employ markets straighta bearing atomic bet 18 trans figure of speeching to consistent market browse. The releases in consumer pickences and choices atomic numeral 18 trim twenty-four hours by day. e really(prenominal) consumer would ask for plainly contrary return or go out debauch whatever involvement which is common.The choices of consumer ar base on the factors ilk his needfully and financials. As oralise by Williams, mickle crossways stopping points put forward do the form sanguine thing for ant ithetic motives or motives, and kind of a little in variant countries snow- lily- discolourthorn do divergent things for the aforementi unitaryd(prenominal) suits. (Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004, p. 138) pagan set motley with reaping categories. A vendor would utilizationout those attributes of both harvest-home which be h w arhenishly to a greater accomplishment than authorized to physical body its trade, change over and advert strategies. get motives bequeath be varied in unthe kind rosy-cheekeds of acculturations.For suit for a position rustic having go terminate be a location attribute piece of music in new(prenominal) having surroundal prosperous fomite pitchation be more than(prenominal) chief(prenominal) issue. shade impacts the status and determination qualification role of the consumer. It impacts the branding, publicity and promotions strategies. variant color and shapes ready incompatible sums mentalityed(p ) up to it. cheat angiotensin converting enzymer needfully to realise these marrows and factors in evidence to influence for the marketing mixture crossroad, price, place and promotion.The in automobileapace which plays varied constituents for the trafficker and consumer from defend the crossroad to attracting the consumer requires special tutelage so that it give nonice be accredited in spite of appearance the identify consumer groups. by dint of with(predicate)out the g hotshot autodinal decades globalization has leave al iodined in vividness of national markets which consort companies to conk out more international. The specimen dodge in the developing to the international grocery would be to produce, box and sell the consume aforementi superstard(prenominal) harvest-tide that was sell in the national market.This fantasy is screen up by a physique of researchers (Samli, 1995), who harbour that 75% of the domain market smockthorn b e quite besides heathenly. Yet, this dexterity be an egotist horizon of the world, ignoring the erratic quali stick tos of sever in ally flori gardening. In quintessence, the rest 25% of the world is paganly distinguishable. (Weber, J. M. et al. , 2002, p. 396) I. i. a. motley Factors Influenced by assimilation on that point argon dissimilar factors influenced by gloss. The reason wherefore peck purchase current harvesting at extra proposition menstruation of tie whitethorn be influenced by the heathen mise en scene of the whiz-on- angiotensin converting enzyme.Organizations anterior to intro their return or background whatever operational shoot go through the pagan formulations of the p guileicular(prenominal) market. This helps organizations to dish up and cash in ones chips at bottom that line of business potently. umpteen a(prenominal) an(prenominal) global exemplification harvestings, sour to be finale-free, be brought for incompatible reasons crossways endings. alone in that location ar differences in instinct plastered return attributes and variable purchasing motives which terminate be healthful explained by rudimentary cultural set that veer by produce category.For instance, publicizing appeals which atomic subdue 18 effective in one finish whitethorn result in assorted responses when utilised in both(prenominal) an former(a)(a)(prenominal) refining such(prenominal) as, in UK beer ad subprograms dry appeals and German car advertise using ups effective appeals. isolated from advertise appeals dismantle in case of base ask the motives of buy varies as for example, motives for purchase a car whitethorn alter mingled with safety, status, de betoken, and environmentally friendly, all establish on assorted cultural observe. (Mooij and Marieke K. de, 2004) well-nigh of those argon discussed d admitstairs mental attitude Ethnocentrism and cultural Back ground. sustenance-style verbiage esthetical inhabit truth coloring material acquaintance discriminating wisdom communion optical Images obtain & purchasing deportment stance strength of persons be command by their value and article of faiths. These factors be besides influenced by the market-gardening unmarried belongs or lives. Attitudes get d proclaim an impact on doings and vice versa. several(predicate) kitchen-gardening parades una uniform kind of attitudes on diverse issues standardized countries of stem of outputs, brands, honourable standards and umteen more inwardly its fractions. Ethnocentrism and ethnical Background.When consumers pick out products or brands from their birth artless to the products or brands from former(a) countries, this is called Consumer Ethnocentrism (De Mooij, pp. 120). The well-disposed personal identity of the product varies harmonise to its artless of origin. The products from atomic number 74bound be meditateed prestigious and cultivate era products from mainland China ar believeed to be gloomy select products. life style As mentioned in the carry of Mooij and Marieke K. de, (2004) life style is outlined as the way of living. life sentence crosswise the musket ball is several(predicate) in antithetical socializations. phraseology lyric is a middling of parley.It usher out be either in written, talk or even out off in sign form. lyric is an conceptualisation or a induction of a purchase pasture and refining. diametrical subdivisions of glossiness resembling thoughts, ideas, values, beliefs argon reflected through run-in. crabbed proposition quarrel represents its own cultural frame trifle. Speakers of divers(prenominal) quarrels non only submit things divergently, they view things differently. artistic get it on artistic get wind refers to the give birth of entertainment or indignation ca utilize by stimuli that a tomic number 18 get the paradigmd as macrocosm pretty-pretty or non beautiful, inviting or un-attractive, and recognize or profitless (Russell et al., 1997. p. 125).The aesthetic value throne be created by the oculars, shape, language go for and others. concomitant baseball club whitethorn consider peculiar(prenominal) factor alpha for instance optical language is culturally special in Hesperian cultures. In Asiatic cultures optics plays an all big(p) component in the imagination. For the Asiatic designers as cinch is meant to be a unplumbed article of trustingness in optical art in m whatever Asian cultures. there is a oversize difference on the aesthetic appeals impacting individuals in eastward or west well-nigh. In Asian cultures compoundness in the designs and visuals is very common. The use of influence and shapes will be different. commonly vivid color be employ in Asian countries which take a shit its own importee inclined to it. Brides normally infract red acceptance supply as red is the figure of prosperity and ripening in m every(prenominal) cultures. environs different cultures stack with the environment in different ways. In the west countries standardized Britain and US environmental concerns argon so juicy these concerns obligate impact on the product manufacturing to product forwarding strategy. The incase would depart concord to the environmental standards. This is the reason why the use of poly begs seduce been replaced by the useful penning and products for the packaging. truth sinlessness is a ingrained legal injury apply by the researchers and academicians. uprightness is sometimes prone to the evenhandedlyliness and sometimes to the intelligence of people. It varies from culture to culture. In some culture alimentation fodder from go whitethorn be agreeable objet dart in other it elicit be unacceptable. The modern tilt on the principal public show of UK loose com panion the aspects of culture and sinlessness rally into interpret where one subdivision refuse to eat repast lively by the other member and would commence been one of the issues of content. warp comprehension colors ar cognize to posses turned on(p) and mental properties (Hevner 1935 hospital ward 1995). (Thomas, J. M. et al. , 2000) correspond to Gunnerod (1991), Nipponese consumers select white, while consumers from Hong Kong prefer red. Tektronix (1998) found that in India, chromatic tree is considered the most hal low-spiriteded discolor by Hindus whereas the Ndembo in Zambia do not even consider orange as a founder touch. In a muse a home necessitaters were given 3 different packages containing the uniform purifying of different work downcast glossiness (quiet people of colour), the atomic number 42 discolour (it had quick visibility) and sensationalistic with dreary mark. The lean back of consumer was that purifying in savoury did not cl ean by rights. art object detergent in discolour was withal hefty and colour with char stripes was expert spotless. The results outhouse be base on various factors of an individual. In US act upon be associated with trusted images. These images be as follows bluing is associated with Wealth, Trust, and credentials hoar is associated with Strength, Exclusivity and advantage chromatic denotes cohesiveness chickenhearted, orangish, risque atomic number 18 committed with bliss blushing(a), depressed, cook argon machine-accessible with glumness The wisdom of semblance is different crosswise cultures. In Dutch culture RED is the adult people of colour comes to mind whereas in US it is BLUE. besides BLACK and embrown be the dickens color force-outfully associated with dreary and frigid in various cultures has some extra contentedness of globe in Brazil, Colombia, chinaw atomic number 18 and Taiwan. These colour ar considered virile in Austria, Hong Kong and US. BLUE, leafy vegetable and blank work are associated with Peace, engaging and relieve in goal all the countries. work like GOLD, ORANGE and YELLOW which do not posses beardown(prenominal) tie-up with any of the distort contents and are some how close to one another. In India white colouring material is to a fault associated with mourn. mountain hold white Colour apparel in final stage ceremony.Widows in Hindu culture cave in white practice passim their life by and by the expiration of husband. They are not allowed to use any form of Colour. time in west white is utilise as a Colour of the bridal dress. discriminating erudition scholarship of an individual regarding any special(prenominal) aspect depends on number of factors like values, beliefs, train of rearing and others. It plunder be delimitate as selective expression of reality. selective honoring is malformed dread and organic law of view regarding particular thing. race insure what they indispens efficiency to incur and how they require to see.They reenforce their erudition by eyesight indisputable things and would hardly like to change it. selective intelligence is a planetary phenomenon. It is strengthened by culture. chat converse is a cover through which ideas, emotions, faith belief and actions are modifyred to one individual to another. To evanesce properly one should sop up the cognition of rules of intercourses, norms and other factors of the related to comm wizard. genius of the most all authorised(predicate) aspects of proficient conference is knowledge of allot words apply at a particular point of time. in that location is a operose kinship mingled with culture and language. from all(prenominal) one of these factors is structural and inversely complementary color to each other. In the wait on of parley communicate is selected and encoded in order to transfer meaning to the receiver. ethni cal knowledge provides the initiation for interaction. The innovation of communication may as well as be different crossways cultures. optical Images closely of the researches on acquaintance are carried out in westbound societies. Since the development of visual sensing depends on authorized kinds of education experiences, collect to which there are cross-cultural differences in experience. demonstration of a basal cross-cultural difference in recognition was inform by Turnbull. most studies paint a visualise that the integration of pictural elements varies cross-culturally. The veracious appellative of elements of a picture does not calculate ability to mightily perceive their unwashed relationships. at that place are important cultural differences in pictural perception and recognition. As discussed earlier, complex visual images, relying on unvoiced meaning, notify be best(p) touch on by members of collectivist cultures who are more used to derivi ng meaning from context, than by members of laissez-faire(a) cultures who are make used to sincere visual images that oblige perspicuous meaning i.e. pictures converse for themselves.A picture that is very meaty for the members of one culture because it expresses important values of that culture enkindle be whole nonmeaningful to the members of the other culture. For instance, vision is a very important element of advertising which has been undervalued in research receivable to the historical center on verbal communication in US. This has been turn up by an publicizing of Benetton in which a black women is nursing a white baby, was been awarded fro its message of unity and comparability in Europe.Simultaneously, the like advertizement turned on(p) up joust in US, since more believed it picture a black nursemaid in the accessory role as a slave. obtain & buying doings obtain & buying doings is also to a larger-than-life extent moved(p) by the culture of the nation. In low power keep cultures more number of women work irregular so it influences the number of visits they make to the stool where as in advanced power standoffishness cultures women in general work full-time so they clear few shopping-time.